Diagnostic Grouping

Question 1

Developmental Disability

Answer 1

Severe and chronic disorder involving mental and or physical impairment that originates before age 22, such disorder is likely to persist indefinitely and can cause substantial functional limitations in at least three of seven areas of major life activity.

Question 2

Areas of life activities

Answer 2

Self-care, receptive and expressive language, learning, mobility, self-direction, capacity for independent living, and economic self-sufficiency.

Question 2

conceptual

Answer 2

language, reading, writing, math, reasoning, knowledge, memory.

Question 3

Intellectual Disability

Answer 3

It is characterized by deficits in general mental abilities, such as reasoning, problem solving, planning abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience.

The deficits result in impairments of adaptive functioning including communication, social participation, academic or occupational functioning, and personal independence at home or in community settings.

Additionally, the intellectual and adaptive deficit begin early in the developmental period, typically before age 18 years for diagnosis.

Intellectual disability is identified by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior.

Question 3

Adaptive behavior

Answer 3

The collection of conceptual, social, and practical skills that have been learned and are performed by people in their everyday lives.
Three areas of adaptive functioning are considered: conceptual, social and practical

Question 4

social

Answer 4

empathy, social judgment, communication skills, the ability to follow rules and the ability to make and keep friendships.

Question 5

practical

Answer 5

independence in areas such as personal care, job responsibilities, managing money, recreation, and organizing school and work tasks.

Question 6

Intellectual Disability Contd.

Answer 6

Severity levels include mild, moderate, severe, and profound, and are defined on the basis of adaptive functioning.

Most commonly used classification system by American Psychology Association (APA)

-Therapists need to know what these levels of intellectual disability mean

Question 7

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Answer 7

Neurological and developmental disorder that affects how people interact with others, communicate, learn, and behave.

Autism is considered to be a spectrum disorder because the symptoms and characteristics present themselves in a wide variety of combinations.

Three levels have been identified for autism:
-requiring support
-requiring substantial support
-requiring very substantial support

Question 8

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

Answer 8

Predicts degree of recovery and severity of a TBI.

Three categories that apply to a neurological exam:

Eye response: This relates to how awake and alert you are.

Motor response: This part is about how well your brain can control muscle movement. It can also show if there are any issues with the connections between your brain and the rest of your body.

Verbal response: This tests how well certain brain abilities work, including thinking, memory, attention span and awareness of your surroundings.

Question 9

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Answer 9

Sudden injury that causes damage to the brain.
It may happen when there is a blow, bump, or jolt to the head. This is a closed head injury.
A TBI can also happen when an object penetrates the skull. This is a penetrating injury.

Question 10

Rancho Los Amigos Scale of Cognitive Functioning

Answer 10

A widely accepted medical scale used to describe the cognitive and behavioral patterns found in brain injury patients as they recover from injury.

https://www.myshepherdconnection.org/docs/Rancho_Scale_English.pdf

Question 11

Consciousness

Answer 11

In the medical context, consciousness has three requirements.
To be conscious, you have to be:

Awake: This includes whether or not you have the ability to wake up because of voice or touch. That’s what makes a coma different from just being asleep.

Alert: This is how responsive you are to people talking to you and if you’re able to understand what’s happening in your immediate surroundings.

Oriented: This means you know who you are, where you’re at, what day it is and other details related to the here and now.

Question 12

Dementia

Answer 12

Neurocognitive disorder that is a decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with independence and daily life.

Several types: Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, dementia with lewy bodies, Parkinson’s disease, alcohol related dementia, and frontal temporal dementia.

Two sets of symptoms:
-behavioral symptoms
-cognitive symptoms

cognitive symptoms: cognitive skills and memory
behavioral symptoms: apathy, physical aggression or non-aggression, verbal non-aggression or aggression, or refusal of care or medication, etc.

Question 13

Cardiovascular Accident (CVA)/ Stroke

Answer 13

An interruption of the blood flow to the brain.
Strokes may be caused by a cerebral thrombosis, hemorrhage, or embolism.

Question 14

Epilepsy

Answer 14

Chronic brain disorder characterized by recurring attacks of abnormal sensory, motor, and psychological activity.

A seizure disorder is a common neurological condition that can be either primary or secondary epilepsy.

Question 15

Physical/Medical disorders and Related Impairments

Answer 15

Impairments that may cause an adjustment in the person’s activity for a period of time but may not cause incomplete change of lifestyle or they may cause a complete disruption in the person’s lifestyle.

It is important to understand the treatment of these disorders and the type of adaptive equipment that a person may temporarily or permanently require.

Question 16

Cerebral Palsy (CP)

Answer 16

Developmental disorders are characterized by problems controlling movement. It is a non-progressive disorder.

CP can be classified by limb involvement (quadriplegia, paraplegia, diplegia, hemiplegia, triplegia, or monoplegia) or by exhibited symptoms (spasticity, athetosis, or ataxia).

Question 17

Spasticity

Answer 17

Abnormal muscle tightness due to prolonged muscle contraction.

Question 18

Athetosis

Answer 18

A disorder with sinuous, slow, irregular, and involuntary movements affecting distal limb.

Question 19

Muscular Dystrophy(MD)

Answer 19

Group of related diseases that affect the musculoskeletal system.
Duchenne or childhood muscular dystrophy is the most severe and common form of MD.

Question 19

Ataxia

Answer 19

Poor muscle control that causes clumsy movements. It can affect walking and balance, hand coordination, speech and swallowing, and eye movements.

Question 20

Multiple Sclerosis(MS)

Answer 20

A long-lasting (chronic) disease of the central nervous system.

In MS the immune system attacks the brain and spinal cord.

It is commonly diagnosed individuals who are between the ages of 20 and 50.

Question 21

Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)

Answer 21

Refers to damage to the spinal cord resulting from trauma (e.g. from falls and road traffic injuries) or non-traumatic causes like tumors, degenerative and vascular conditions, infections, toxins or birth defects.

Question 22

Cancer

Answer 22

Group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.

Tumors are symptoms of cancer that grow in a specific area of a person’s body, the tumor can be benign or malignant.

A CTRS can address the psychosocial impact of cancer.

Question 23

Autoimmune Defiance Syndrome (AIDS)

Answer 23

Viral infection associated with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The virus is usually transmitted through sexual intercourse, but it can be transmitted by blood and blood products. AIDS produces a spectrum of symptoms.

Question 24

Impairments

Answer 24

Visual: term to describe any kind of vision loss, whether it’s someone who cannot see at all or someone who has partial vision loss. Some people are completely blind, but many others have what’s called legal blindness.

Hearing: describe people with any degree of hearing loss, from mild to profound, including those who are deaf and those who are hard of hearing.

Speech: communication disorder in which normal speech is disrupted. This can mean fluency disorders like stuttering, cluttering or lisps.

Question 25

Psychiatric Disorders and Related Impairments

Answer 25

Mental illnesses that significantly disturb thinking, moods, and behavior.

Ranging from severe psychosis to chemical dependencies to eating orders.

Question 26

Spectrum of psychotic disorders

Answer 26

Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, schizophreniform disorder and brief psychotic disorder.

Question 27

Schizophrenia

Answer 27

Abnormalities in one or more of the following five domains: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking (speech), grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior (including catatonia), and negative symptoms.

Question 28

Delusion

Answer 28

Fixed beliefs that will not change even though there’s evidence that the believe is untrue.

There are several common delusions: persecutory (most common)
grandiose
referential (song on radio specifically talking about me)

Question 29

Auditory hallucinations

Answer 29

Most common in schizophrenia, people report voices that are distinct from their own thoughts.

Question 30

Disorganized Thinking

Answer 30

Switching quickly from one topic to another and an answer to question may be only marginally related or not related at all.

Question 31

Grossly disorganized

Answer 31

Motor behavior may be anything from downright silliness to extreme agitation.

Question 32

Negative Symptoms

Answer 32

Negative symptoms that are commonly reported with schizophrenia include and anhedonia or amotivation (lack of interest or drive to engage in social or recreational activities) and flat affect and alogia (reduced speech).

Question 33

Bipolar and related disorders

Answer 33

Disorders that have a strong impact on emotions. A person who is diagnosed with bipolar disorder not only has depression, but the patient’s mood will swing from lows of depression to mania.

Three types of bipolar disorder:

Bipolar I Disorder: formerly referred to as manic depression, it is characterized by a single manic episode while a depressive episode is not necessary

Bipolar II Disorder: a single or recurrent hypomanic episode and depressive episode.

Cyclothymic Disorder: characterized by numerous and alternative periods of hypomania and depression.

Question 34

Depression

Answer 34

A mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest in things and activities you once enjoyed. It can also cause difficulty with thinking, memory, eating and sleeping.

Types of Depression:

Clinical depression
Persistent depressive disorder (PDD)
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

Question 35

Clinical depression (major depressive disorder):

Answer 35

A diagnosis of major depressive disorder means you’ve felt sad, low or worthless most days for at least two weeks while also having other symptoms such as sleep problems, loss of interest in activities or change in appetite. This is the most severe form of depression and one of the most common forms.

Question 36

Persistent depressive disorder (PDD):

Answer 36

Persistent depressive disorder is mild or moderate depression that lasts for at least two years. The symptoms are less severe than major depressive disorder. Healthcare providers used to call PDD dysthymia.

Question 37

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

Answer 37

With PMDD, you have premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms along with mood symptoms, such as extreme irritability, anxiety or depression. These symptoms improve within a few days after your period starts, but they can be severe enough to interfere with your life.

Question 38

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)

Answer 38

DMDD causes chronic, intense irritability and frequent anger outbursts in children. Symptoms usually begin by the age of 10.

Question 39

Depressive disorder due to another medical condition

Answer 39

Many medical conditions can create changes in your body that cause depression. Examples include hypothyroidism, heart disease, Parkinson’s disease and cancer. If you’re able to treat the underlying condition, the depression usually improves as well.

Question 40

Personality Disorders

Answer 40

Enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from expectations of individuals culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time and leads to distress or impairment.

Personality disorders:
Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic personality disorders, avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.

Only borderline personality disorder has a specified treatment.

Question 41

Eating Disorders

Answer 41

Serious health conditions that affect both your physical and mental health. These conditions include problems in how we think about food, eating, weight and shape, and in your eating behaviors.

Common eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, and avoidant restrictive food intake disorder.

Question 42

Child Abuse and Neglect

Answer 42

An act of Commission or inflicting injury or allowing injury to a child, while neglect refers to an act of omission or failure to act on behalf of the child.

Question 43

Behavioral Impairments

Answer 43

Behavioral disorders involve a pattern of disruptive behaviors that cause problems in school, at home and in social situations.

Behavioral disorders are common in children and adults.

Examples:
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
Conduct Disorder
Anxiety disorders including Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Panic Disorder
Disruptive behavioral disorders
Emotional disorders

Question 44

Categories of abuse:

Answer 44

physical, sexual and emotional

Question 45

Substance Abuse/Addictions

Answer 45

The use of a drug in amounts or by methods that are harmful to the individual or others.

10 classes of substances that make up this category: alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedatives, hypnotics and anxiolytics, stimulants, tobacco, and other substances.

Question 46

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Answer 46

A mental health condition that’s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event.

Persons diagnosed with PTSD may have been exposed to war, experience threatened or actual physical assault, threatened or actual sexual violence, being kidnapped, being taking hostage, terrorist attack, torture, incarceration as a prisoner of war, natural or human made disasters, in severe motor vehicle accidents.

Question 47

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

Answer 47

A reference book on mental health and brain-related conditions and disorders. The American Psychiatric Association (APA) is responsible for the writing, editing, reviewing and publishing of this book.

https://repository.poltekkes-kaltim.ac.id/657/1/Diagnostic%20and%20statistical%20manual%20of%20mental%20disorders%20_%20DSM-5%20(%20PDFDrive.com%20).pdf