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HPCT > Diagnostic Cytology > Flashcards

Diagnostic Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

Microscopic examination of cells from different body sites for diagnostic purposes

A

Diagnostic Cytology

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2
Q

Diagnostic Cytology [2]

A

Exfoliative Cytology

Fine Needle Aspiration [FNAB]

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3
Q

For preparation of mucoid secretions such as _______ secretion aspirated from the posterior ______, _______ and _______ secretion.

A

vaginal
fornix

sputum
gastric

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4
Q

For preparation of thick mucoid secretions, for smears of fresh sputum and _____.

A

Spreading

CSF

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5
Q

Pull apart is for the secretions of

A

concentrated sputum

serous fluids
enzymatic lavage

urinary sediment
vaginal pool
breast

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6
Q

Cut the surface of tissue such as the lymph node and other surgical or biopsy specimens are imprinted on your glass slide

A

Touch/Impression/Imprint/Abraded Smear

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7
Q

Cells are directly taken from the surfaces of excised/incised specimens by touching them with a clean glass slide.

A

Touch/Impression/Imprint/Abraded Smear

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8
Q

Deals with the microscopic study of cells that have been desquamated from epithelial surfaces

A

Exfoliative Cytology

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9
Q

has been proven to be of great value in the early detection of cancer (routinely done)

A

Exfoliative Cytology

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10
Q

Either came from spontaneously or physically removed from epithelial or mucous membrane

A

Exfoliated cells

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11
Q

Purposes of Exfoliative Cytology:

  1. Detection of _______ cells in body _____, mainly used for ____.
    —Proceed first with _______.
  2. Detection of __________ in women
  3. Assessment of female hormonal status in case of [2]
  4. For determination of genetic ____.
    —If there is a presence of _______, then the specimen is from a female
  5. Diagnosis of _______.
    —- Used to find if the specimen harbors a
    [2]
A

malignant cells
body fluids
cervix

PAP smear

precancerous cervical lesions

female hormonal status
infertility
endocrine disorders

sex
barr bodies

infection
bacteria
fungi

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12
Q

5 Techniques in Processing Fluids for Cytologic Evaluation:

A

Smear technique
Cell Block technique
Membrane filter method
Concentration technique
Aspiration Cytology

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13
Q

➔ Smear is the product of a diagnostic technique in which cells and other components are spread out thinly in a clean glass slide.
➔ Centrifuge the sample and then get the precipitate and then spread it in the surface of the glass slide

A

Smear technique

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14
Q

Example of Smear Technique

A

BM aspirates

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15
Q

Smears are allowed to be completely air dried and stained using:
[3]

A

Diff-Quick
Giemsa
May-Grunwald-Giemsa

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16
Q

Specimens are allowed to air dry first to avoid the _________ of the specimen.

Air dry first before you proceed with ______.

A

air dry
washing out

staining

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17
Q

A _______ is a paraffin embedded specimen derived from different fluids and aspirated materials

A

cell block

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18
Q

Considered as a “microbiopsy”

A

Cell Block Technique

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19
Q

It is mainly used with smears as an adjunct for
establishing a more definitive cytopathologic
diagnosis

A

Cell Block Technique

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20
Q

Cell Block Technique:
Place an equal parts of _______ and _____ and mix and centrifuge and get the precipitate and this precipitate is the one that is placed in the______.

A

alcohol
spx

filter paper

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21
Q

It is a technique for collecting cells using a filter with a specialized pore size.

A

Membrane Filter Method

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22
Q

In Membrane Filter Method, filter is made up of [2]

A

polycarbonate

cellulose esters

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23
Q

________
It is also utilized in any procedure that requires body fluids in very small amounts in sex chromatin determination on ______ fluids.

A

Membrane Filter method

amniotic

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24
Q

This method uses cytospin and ______ preparations.

A

Concentration Technique

sedimentation

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25
Q

➔ The cells are isolated via a series of centrifugation steps to concentrate the cells into a small suspension

A

Concentration Technique

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26
Q

Example of Concentration Technique

A

Pap’s smear

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27
Q

This is a good technique because the specimen is
centrifuged harboring all the cells in the sample

A

Concentration Technique

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28
Q

It is used to obtain specimens that do not shed cells spontaneously.

A

Aspiration Cytology

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29
Q

It can be carried out in diagnosing any _________ (FNAB/Cytology) and __________ (image guided biopsy).

A

palpable lesions

deep-seated/non-palpable

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30
Q

Aspiration Cytology can also be guided with [2]

A

ultrasound
CT-scan

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31
Q

Example of Aspiration Cytology

A

FNAB in the px’s breast

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32
Q

Preparation of cell block and smear is a must

A

Aspiration Cytology

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33
Q

If the breast mass is cystic → what do we do?
If not → ?

A

aspiration cytology

core biopsy

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34
Q

Collection and Preparation of Specimen

A

Cervicovaginal smear
Nipple discharge
Urine sediment
Sputum

Pleural/Peritoneal fluids
CSF spx

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35
Q

If you received _______, the cells are few that’s why after centrifugation, get the precipitate and then spread it all throughout (no need for pull-apart)

A

urine/CSF

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36
Q

Smears should be made from [fresh/frozen] materials and smeared evenly on a clean slide.

A

fresh

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37
Q

In smear preparation, for _________, it is spinned (centrifuged)

A

effusion/fluids

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38
Q

it is for supernatant, sediments and extra sediments

A

Smear preparation

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39
Q

Common Fixatives Used for Cytologic Smears are:

A

95% ethyl alcohol + ether
95% ethyl alcohol

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40
Q

Fixation
➔ Through _____ solution and _____.

A

fixative

spray

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41
Q

If smear cannot be made immediately, the collected material should be placed in (for
prolonged processing of specimen):

A

50% alcohol

Saccomano fluid

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42
Q

I. Gynecological Specimens
➔_________.
◆ Where most cancer cell arise
◆ Can be found in
[2]

A

Transformational Zone

Endocervix
Ectocervix

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43
Q

An optimal sample should included in Gnyecological spx: [3]

A

Squamous
Columnar
Metaplastic cells

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44
Q

Collection Devices included in Gnyecoological spx: [3]

A

Wooden Spatula [A]
Plastic spatula
Plastic “Broom type” samplers [C]
Endocervical brush

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45
Q

Has cilia at the end

A

Plastic “broom-type” samplers [C]

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46
Q

It is the staining method for exfoliative cytology.

A

Papanicolau Method

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47
Q

Advantages of Papanicolau Method

A
  1. Transparent blue staining of cytoplasm obtained due to the action of high alcoholic content of the cytoplasmic counterstain, allowing overlapping cells to be seen & identified.
  2. Excellent nuclear detail
  3. Color range is predictable & great value in cell ID and classification , producing a good differential coloring of basophilic and acidophilic cells

4.Valuable in comparing cellular appearances in smears w/ counterpart in similarly stained sections

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48
Q

Cells Found in Cervico-Vaginal Smears are Usually Divided Into:

A

Mature Superficial cells
Intermediate Cells
Basal cells
Parabasal cells

Navicular
Pregnancy
Endometrial
Endocervical

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49
Q

The polygonal squamous cells: 45-50um

A

mature superficial cells

50
Q

Have pale pink staining cytoplasm and dark
pyknotic nuclei (<6 um).

A

Mature superficial cells

51
Q

Are medium sized polyhedral or elongated cells [20-30 um]

A

intermediate cells

52
Q

basophilic vacuolated cytoplasm

A

intermediate cells

53
Q

Round oval cells (15- 30)

A

parabasal cells

54
Q

dense basophilic cytoplasm

A

parabasal cells

55
Q

larger vesicular nucleus

A

parabasal cells

56
Q

Is smaller than intermediate cells

A

parabasal

57
Q

Found from:
2 weeks of age of puberty
after childbirth
abortion
after menopause

A

parabasal cells

58
Q

boat-shaped intermediate cells with a strong tendency to fold or curl on edges.

A

navicular cells

59
Q

Their presence suggests a combined estrogen-progesterone effect.

A

navicular cells

60
Q

Found in the latter half of the menstrual cycle, during pregnancy & menopause.

A

navicular cells

61
Q

Are round, oval or boat-shaped cells

A

pregnancy cells

62
Q

__________
translucent basophilic cytoplasm observed greatest at the center of the cell, due to _________, pushing the nucleus to the side or towards the cell membrane.

A

pregnancy cells

glycogen accumulation

63
Q

Are small cells, slightly cylindrical

A

endometrial cells

63
Q

This appearance is characteristic due to a deeper blue stain of the cytoplasm at the periphery.

A

pregnancy cells

64
Q

less basophilic cytoplasm, occurring in tightly packed groups of [#] or more.

A

endometrial cells

65
Q

Found during & 1-10 days after menopause.

A

endometrial cells

66
Q

Cytoplasm is usually stained and is finely vacuolated, often with indistinct cell borders

A

endocervical glandular cells

67
Q

nuclei with finely granular chromatin

A

endocervical glandular cells

68
Q

They may present a honeycomb appearance when viewed on end.

A

endocervical glandular cells

69
Q

Gram positive, slender rod shaped

A

Doderlein bacillus

70
Q

Most common organism of the normal vaginal
flora

A

Doderlein bacillus

71
Q

PAP’S STAIN in Doderlein bacillus

A

blue to lavender

72
Q

Numerous naked nuclei with many Doderlein
bacilli may suggest:

A

last trimester of pregnancy
infection
estrogen deficiency
DM

73
Q

Quantitation in Vaginal Cytology

A
  1. Acidophilic index
  2. Pyknotic index
  3. Maturation index
74
Q

percentage of cells staining pink orange to red with Pap’s method.

A

Acidophilic index

75
Q

percentage of cells having shrunken,
dark, small (less than 8um), structureless nuclei.

A

pyknotic index

76
Q

Maturation Index
➔ Consist of the proportion of cells from the three layers of the _________, the _______, __________ and ______.

A

vaginal epithelium
superficial
intermediate
deep

77
Q

Provided pyknotic nuclei of [#] um in diameter are taken as criteria for mature superficial cells

A

<6um

78
Q

This index, based on careful differential counts, is probably the most accurate index available

A

Maturation index

79
Q

Reporting of Cytologic Smears by Papanicolau

A

Class system 1959

80
Q

Obtained to exclude the possibility of malignancy or infectious agents, especially from patients with immunodeficiency syndrome

A

Respiratory Tract Specimens

81
Q

Specimens under respiratory tract specimens

A

Sputum
Bronchoalveolar lavage
Bronchial Washing [BAL/BW]
Bronchial Brushing [BB]

82
Q

Collection and Preparation of Respiratory tract spx:
➔ Obtain consecutive [morning/night] sputum specimens.
◆ Up to [3] collection
➔ In a [close/wide] mouthed jar containing __________

A

morning
2
wide
Saccomano fluid

83
Q

Sputum induction of Respiratory Tract Spx

A

aerosol 20min

84
Q

In Respiratory Tract Spx, for a more extensive study, it requires ____, one is air dried for _______. At least 2 slides should be stained with ______.

A

slides
Giemsa
Pap’s smear

85
Q

In Respiratory Tract Spx, Sputum are examined first for _____ – for [2]

A

blood

flecked
solid particles

86
Q

In Non-gynaecologic spx, with the end of the wooden applicator stick, samples are evenly spread on the slides and immediately placed in fixative for a minimum of [#] hr.

A

1

87
Q

Prepared by pull-apart technique and fix immediately.

A

bronchial brushing

88
Q

Specimens are freshly collected in the bronchoscopy collection container and hand delivered to the laboratory.

A

bronchial washing

89
Q

Collected by aspiration or by washing and submit directly to laboratory

A

bronchial aspirates

90
Q

From the direct tap of pleural/ peritoneal effusions, CSF, and synovial fluid.

A

cell suspensions

91
Q

optimum amount of cell suspensions

A

20mL

92
Q

Cells can remain viable for up to [#] days if the specimen is kept refrigerated at [degree]

A

2 days
4C

93
Q

In the preparation of cytospln slides,
the specimen is ______ ASAP at [RPM] for [#] min., and the ______ fluid is removed

A

2000RPM

2mins

supernatant

94
Q

In the preparation of cytospln slides, a smear is made of the sediment on a glass slide which has been previously coated with a_______, spreading the smear with another slide as evenly as possible.

A

thin layer of egg albumin

95
Q

In the preparation of cytospln slides, when it begins to dry around edges but is still moist in the center, the smear is fixed in__________.

A

fixed in 95% ethyl alcohol

96
Q

In the preparation of cytospln slides, if smears cannot be prepared immediately, the sediment should be covered with ______ and placed in the ______.

A

absolute alcohol

refrigerator

97
Q

Gastrointestinal Specimens [3]

A

Gastric lavage
Gastric brush
FNAB

98
Q

Gastric smear preparations are quite [easy/difficult] to
make, because it’s like ______

A

difficult

water

99
Q

In Gastrointestinal specimens, spx should be examined ASAP since any delay of _____ mins will digest the cell making it
unsatisfactory for evaluation

A

30

100
Q

In Gastrointestinal specimens, the patient should have ___ for ___ hours before
gastric washing is performed.

A

fasted

6 hrs

101
Q

The presence of malignant cells in serous fluid usually indicate ?

A

metastasis

102
Q

If there is a malignant cells in ____, the higher
the staging of cancer

A

fluid

103
Q

_______ can formed after collection, it can be
prevented by ______.

A

clots
heparin

104
Q

has an extremely low diagnostic yield for diagnosis of breast cancer.

A

nipple discharge

105
Q

When secretion is bloody in breast secretions a __________ should be considered.

Except during _____ and immediate______, any discharge from the nipple is abnormal.

A

benign intraductal papilloma

lactation
post lactation period

106
Q

Collection Technique in breast secretions

  1. Gently strip the _______ & _____ using [2]
  2. Place the ____ upon the nipple & _____ it quickly across the nipple
  3. Immediately drop the slide in a bottle of [2]
  4. Secretions obtained from both breasts should be properly _____ as left or right.
A

sub-areolar
nipple
thumb
forefinger

slide
draw

95% isopropyl alcohol
spray fixative

labelled

107
Q

When submitting a specimen in the lab from the breast secretions, make sure that the ______ is included

A

laterality

108
Q

Major goal of Urinary Tract Spx

A

urothelial malignancy

109
Q

Spx types of urinary tract spx [3]

A
  1. voided urine
  2. catheterized spx
  3. washing from bladder/renal pelvis.
110
Q

To obtain a more reliable cytological evaluation in Urinary Tract Specimens, spx may have to be collected and examined [frequency]. At least [#] mL is needed

A

twice

2

111
Q

In general ______ alone offers a very low diagnostic yield for detection of urothelial carcinomas

A

urine cytology

112
Q

The collection technique in _______ , should be always mentioned on the requisition form

A

urinary tract

113
Q

A ____________ is the first presentation of cancer of unknown origin

A

positive effusion for malignancy

114
Q

Has a diagnostic value in patients with known history of cancer.

A

Body cavity effusions

115
Q

Spx in body cavity effusions

[5]

A

Cavity fluids [+PF]
Ascitic/AF
CSF

Peritoneal washing
Pericardial

116
Q

In Body Cavity Effusions
➔ Placed it in a ____, ________ container, and submitted ____ to the lab.
➔ For delay, place the specimen to ______.
➔ Avoid _____, except to: _______.

A

clean, non-sterile dry
fresh

isopropyl alcohol

preservatives
heparin

117
Q

For CSF, a minimum of [#] mL is necessary for cytologic evaluation.
◆ Usually for ______ studies, not really
subjected in cytology

A

2

microbiology

118
Q

stain used in Body cavity effusions

A

Wright-Giemsa staining

119
Q

This is especially useful when diagnosis
of:lymphoma

A

body cavity effusions

120
Q

It is also useful for Cerebrospinal fluid

A

body cavity effusions

121
Q

________ is stained to enhance cytoplasmic details in the body cavity effusiona

A

air dried material

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