Diagnostic (4th June 2024) Flashcards
Lipophilic
Ability of a chemical compound to dissolve in fats, oils, lipids and non polar solvents
Alpha decay
An atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle. The daughter is an atom with a mass number 4 less and an atomic number 2 less than the parent
Beta plus decay
AKA positron emission. A positron is emitted from the parent nucleus. The daughter has one less proton
Beta minus decay
A neutron is converted into a proton an an electron is emitted. The daughter has an atomic number that increases by one.
R constant
Remains constant independent of altitude, pressure or any other environmental variable
Magnetic field strength
B = µoI/2r
Electrical power
IV
Gibbs free energy for overall reaction
The Gibbs free energy change of the overall reaction for is the sum of the ΔG values of both steps
Mechanical work
work = Fdcos(θ), where F is the force applied, d is the distance over which the force is applied, and θ is the angle between the force applied and the direction of the object’s movement.
EM waves
Gamma
X-rays
UV rays
Visible light
IR
Microwaves
Radio (longest wavelength)
Mechanical power
a measurement of work/time (J/s, also known as watts). From the work-energy theorem, work = ΔKE = KEf – KEi. Thus, power can also be expressed as ΔKE/time. Remember also that KE = ½ mv2.
Imine
a carbon double bonded to a nitrogen atom
D,L configuration
The D, L designation describes the glyceraldehyde precursor in sugars, and amino acid functionality. It does not describe the absolute configuration.
pH
-log[H+]
Poiseuille’s Law
Flow = ΔPπr4 / 8Lη
Voltage Gradient
positive ions flow down voltage gradients from high voltage to low voltage
AND
extracellular concentration of sodium ions is greater than the intracellular concentration
Work done by system
The area under or inside the curve represents the product of the two variables on the axes. For fluid systems, Wby system = PΔV
Competitive inhibitor
A competitive inhibitor will increase the Km of a given reaction while leaving Vmax unchanged at high substrate concentrations. This is depicted in the figure.
Noncompetitive inhibitor
A noncompetitive inhibitor would lower Vmax but leave Km unchanged.
Restriction enzymes
A restriction enzyme is an enzyme that cuts DNA at or near specific recognition nucleotide sequences, known as restriction sites.
Type II restriction enzyme
Type II enzymes cleave within or at short specific distances from their recognition sites and often require magnesium.
Type I restriction enzyme
Type I enzymes cleave at sites remote from the recognition site; they require both ATP and S-adenosyl-L-methionine to function.
Type III restriction enzyme
Type III enzymes cleave at sites a short distance from their recognition sites and require ATP (but do not hydrolyze it). S-adenosyl-L-methionine increases the rate of this reaction, but is not required.
Type IV restriction enzyme
Type IV enzymes target modified (e.g. methylated, hydroxymethylated) DNA.
Conjugation
transfer of genetic material (plasmids) between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or via a bridge-like connection between two cells. This process does not relate to thymidine kinase.
Smooth muscle
uninucleate, non-striated, and under the control of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Acetylcholine
responsible for propagating nerve impulses across the neuromuscular junction.
Thin layer chromatography
separates molecules based on affinity
Mass spectrometry
used to measure the size of one molecule but would not be useful to carry out a separation of two molecules
Gas chromatography
separates molecules based on affinity and would thus be less useful than SDS-PAGE, which separates based on size alone. GC also requires that the molecules be vaporized, and typical proteins are much too large to be easily vaporized.
Sympathetic nervous system
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system triggers a fight-or-flight response. This includes several physiological responses: pupil dilation, increased rate and force of heart contraction, blood vessel dilation in skeletal muscle and constriction in gastrointestinal organs, and inhibition of peristalsis by the digestive tract.
Humoral immunity
Humoral immunity is part of the body’s adaptive immune response. Humoral immunity is provided by B cell activity, which promotes antibody (immunoglobulin) responses. Antibodies can recognize polysaccharide, phospholipid, and nucleic acid antigens to help the body fight extracellular bacteria, viruses, and toxins.
Gene regulation
DNA is wrapped around histone proteins, and DNA expression is regulated by the addition and removal of acetyl groups.
Acetylation
histone acetylation generally serves to increase gene expression, while deacetylation, along with DNA methylation, acts to silence gene expression.
Monocytes
largest type of white blood cells. Factors secreted by the epithelium help form a cascade that leads to accumulation of immune cells at the site of an injury.
Decreased tidal volume
Decreased carbon dioxide exhalation
Increased respiratory rate involves this reaction
H(aq) + HCO3-(aq) ↔ H2CO3(aq) ↔ H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Le Chateliers Principle
a decrease in products will cause the equilibrium to shift to the right
Lipid soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
Water soluble vitamins
B, C
Maslow’s hierarchy
outlines how people prioritize basic physiological needs (food, clothing, shelter) over other needs in life, such as safety or belonging.
Freudian defense mechanisms
Freud developed the idea that the unconscious mind can develop defense mechanisms to protect the ego from anxiety or from situations with which a person cannot cope. Decisions about prioritizing immediate needs are not relevant to ego defense mechanisms.
Kohlberg’s stages
Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning address how people (children and adults) reason through moral dilemmas. The question referenced the prioritization of human needs, not moral reasoning
Piaget’s stage
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development generally apply to children and adolescents, rather than the adult female population discussed here.
Self efficacy
feeling of an inability to effect change
exchange mobility
the overall number of people within a society who are in each socioeconomic class remains stable.soc
social reproduction
involves the transmission of ideas, values, and behaviors between generations that lead the younger generation to reproduce the social status or structures of their parents.
ambient stressors
chronic environmental stressors that cannot be changed (or are perceived as unchangeable) by the efforts of the individual subject to them.
mesolimbic pathway
The mesolimbic pathway, or reward pathway, is a pathway in the brain connecting the midbrain to the forebrain. It releases dopamine in response to rewarding stimuli, thus reinforcing behaviors that are perceived as pleasurable.
cerebellum
movement
Wernicke’s area
involved in the understanding of written and spoken language.
somatosensory cortex
where afferent signals from the periphery are relayed into the brain. It does not relate to language or speech.
Conformity
adjusting of one’s behavior or thoughts to coincide with a group standard.
Groupthink
Groupthink occurs when the desire for harmony or conformity within a group results in irrational or dysfunctional decision-making. This is unrelated to the question stem.
Recency effect
the tendency to recall items near the end of a list
Serial position effect
it is more likely to retain pieces of information from the beginning and end of a list.
Functionalism
views society and social institutions as interdependent, interacting parts of a whole.
Symbolic interactionism
Symbolic interactionism is a view of sociology on the micro level, through interactions between individual people. It explains how, as members of society, those individuals use and understand the symbols of the society they live in
independent variable
the variable that is expected to have a causal effect on another variable,
dependent variable
presumed effect
Increasing the power of an experiment
increase the alpha level, decrease random error, conduct a one-tailed test, expand the sample size, or increase the effect size. Of these, only choice A, which increases the sample size, will increase power.
mediating variable
in cases where a mediating variable is present, the original predictor (or independent) variable works indirectly through a more immediate cause (the mediator variable) to yield a final effect (the outcome, or dependent variable). The mediator adds to the overall variance accounted for in the data and can explain the relationship between the dependent and independent variables.
Broca’s area
one of the main areas of the cerebral cortex responsible for speech production, facial neuron control, and language processing.
Weber’s law
the just-noticeable difference, or the change required to perceive a difference from an initial stimulus, is directly proportional to the percent change in the original stimulus.
