Diagnosis & Classification Flashcards
What is schizophrenia?
A mental disorder that is characterized by psychological functioning resulting in a loss of contact of reality
What are the 2 main systems for classification of mental disorders?
The ICD -11 and DSM - 5
What are 5 core symptoms when diagnosing schizophrenia according to DSM - 5
- Delusions
- Hallucinations
- Disorganized speech
- Grossly disorganzied or catatonic behaviour
- Negative symptoms - diminished emotional expression or avolition
What are the 5 core symptoms of schizophrenia according to the ICD - 11?
- Persistent delusions
- Persistent hallucinations
- Thought disorder
- Experience of influence, passivity or control
- Pyschmotor disturbances, including catatonia
What are positive symptoms?
Additional experiences beyond those of ordinary existence
What are most common forms of positive symptoms?
Hallucinations
delusions (paranoia)
Psychomotor disturbances
Catatonia
What are hallucinations?
Unusual sensory experiences, some related to the environment, some bear no relationship
What are the common examples of hallucinations?
Hearing voices
Seeing distorted facial expressions, people and animals
What are delusions?
Irrational beliefs that are resistant to confrontation with the truth
What are the 3 main types of delusions/
- Persecutions
- Grandeur
- Control
What is delusions of persecution?
Th belief that other want to harm, threaten or manipulate you - eg being spied on, nasty rumors being spread about them or someone plotting to kill them
What is delusions of grandeur?
The idea that you’re an important individual, god-like and have extraordinary powers - eg some people believe they are Jesus Christ
What is delusions of control?
The belief that you’re under the control of an alien force that has invaded their mind and/or body - eg the presence of spirits or implanted radio transmitters
What is delusions of broadcasting?
When an individual believes that someone can hear their thoughts or they say their thoughts out loud but they think they just thought them
What is catatonia?
Rigidity of the muscles causing inability to move, staying in a position for hours/days
What is psychmotor disturbances?
Involves the slow down of thought and reduction of physical movements - rocking backwards and forwards, twitches and repetitive behaviours
What is disorganized speech?
When an individual has ‘racing thought’, illogical thinking and jumping from topic to topic
What are negative symptoms?
The loss of usual abilities and experiences?
What are the 3 types of negative symptoms?
- Avolition (apathy)
- Speech poverty (alogia)
- Flat affect
What is avolition?
Described as finding it difficult to begin or to keep up with goal directed activity - suffers often have sharply reduced motivation to carry out a range of activities
What are 3 signs of avolition found by Andreason (1982)?
- Poor hygiene and grooming
- Lack of persistence in work or education
- Lack of energy
What is speech poverty (alogia)?
The change in speech patterns - eg reduction in the amount and quality of speech
What is diagnosis?
The identification of the nature of an illness or other problem by examinations of the symptoms
What is reliability in terms of diagnosing schizophrenia?
The consistency between the psychiatrist and diagnosing SZ
