diagnosis and sub-types

Question 1

what do you need to be diagnosed with schizophrenia?

Answer 1

•1 positive symptom OR
•2 negative symptoms
expressed for over a month

Question 2

what are the two texts used to diagnose schizophrenia?

Answer 2

the ICD and the DSM-V

Question 3

how many subtypes of schizophrenia is there in the DSM compared to the ICD

Answer 3

•5 in the DSM
•7 in the ICD

Question 4

what are the 5 types of schizophrenia in the DSM and ICD

Answer 4

1- paranoid type
2- catatonic type
3- disorganised type
4- undifferentiated type
5- residual type

Question 5

what are the extra two types of schizophrenia in the ICD?

Answer 5

6- post-schizophrenic depression
7- simple schizophrenia

Question 6

what is the paranoid type characterised by?

Answer 6

•delusions
•voices in your head (auditory hallucinations)

Question 7

what is the catatonic type characterised by?

Answer 7

•immobility or excessive motor activity that is apparently purposeless
•extreme negativism

Question 8

what is the disorganised type characterised by?

Answer 8

•disorganised speech and behaviour
•avolition (flat or inappropriate effect)

Question 9

what is the undifferentiated type characterised by?

Answer 9

a variation in symptoms, not fitting into a particular type

Question 10

what is the residual type characterised by?

Answer 10

having had schizophrenia symptoms in the past 12 months but currently showing no signs

Question 11

what is post-schizophrenic depression characterised by?

Answer 11

•you’ve had schizophrenia symptoms in the past, but not in the present, but are currently suffering from severe clinical depression

Question 12

what is simple schizophrenia characterised by?

Answer 12

a slow onset of negative symptoms over months or years

Question 13

how many months does a person need to be showing symptoms for to be diagnosed with the DSM and the ICD

Answer 13

6 months for the DSM
1 month for the ICD

Question 14

when were the diagnostic tools developed?

Answer 14

1970s

Question 15

what are the 5 issues with the diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia?

Answer 15

1- there is no agreement as to what schizophrenia is
2- there is more than one type of schizophrenia
3- there is more than one diagnostic tool
4- the diagnosis of schizophrenia is unreliable
5- the diagnosis of schizophrenia is invalid

Question 16

whose study suggests that the diagnosis of schizophrenia is unreliable

Answer 16

Beck- inter rater reliability

Question 17

what was Beck’s inter rater reliability study? (1961)

Answer 17

•looked at the inter-rater reliability between two psychiatrists when considering the cases of 154 patients
•it found that inter-rater reliability was as low as 54%, meaning their diagnoses only agreed with eachother for 54% of the 154 individuals
•suggests that diagnosing is subjective and therefore unreliable
•patients gave different information to the two diagnosticians through self report methods
•the study pre-dates the DSM and ICD

Question 18

recent research- good reliability

Answer 18

•researchers have since tested inter-rated and test-reset reliability
•they achieved inter-rater reliability of 97% and test-retest reliability of 92%

Question 19

what study suggests the diagnosis of schizophrenia is invalid?

Answer 19

Rosenhan

Question 20

what was Rosenhan’s study?

Answer 20

•Rosenhan ‘on being sane in insane places’
•he had 8 pseudopatients that claimed that they heard regular knocking sounds and voices
•they self admitted themselves to an institution and acted normally once they were admitted
•they were all diagnosed with schizophrenia, and the patients there were more aware that they were actually fine than the doctors and workers
• all the pseudo patients were eventually discharged from their institutions as ‘schizophrenics in remission’ after stays of between 7 and 52 days