Diagnosis and Failure

Question 1

What can you test from urine?

Answer 1

-diabetes, pregnancy, anabolic steroids, drugs, glucose, protein and hormones

Question 2

What are monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 2

-a single type of antibody that can be isolated and cloned

Question 3

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

Answer 3

1. introducing antigen to mouse
2. fusing polyclonal B cells from mouses spleen to myeloma cells
3. resulting hybridoma cells are cultured and continue to produce antibodies to antigen
4. hybridomas producing desired mAb are then grown in grown in large numbers on selective medium that is periodically harvested to obtain desired mAbs

Question 4

How do pregnancy tests work?

Answer 4

1.hcG molecules carried up test in urine
2. hCG molecules bind to mobile antibodies to form hCG/antibody complex
3. hCG/mobile antibody compared bind to immobilised antibodies to form coloured line if woman is pregnant
4. excess mobile antibodies bind to immobile antibodies forming a line whether pregnant or not

Question 5

What do anabolic steroids do?

Answer 5

-mimic action of testosterone
-stimulate growth of muscle tissue
-excreted in urine

Question 6

How are anabolic steroids tested for?

Answer 6

-gas chromatography and mass spectrometry

Question 7

How is kidney failure caused?

Answer 7

-high BP, genetics or physical damage

Question 8

What is damaged in kidney failure?

Answer 8

-tubules, podocytes, epithelial cells and basement membrane

Question 9

What happens in kidney failure?

Answer 9

-destroys filters and causes problems due to build up of waste products in blood
-filters start to leak out too much protein into urine
-protein test can be first sign of diabetic kidney disease

Question 10

What happens in complete kidney failure?

Answer 10

-build of urea causes electrolyte imbalance

Question 11

What does increased levels of creatine mean?

Answer 11

-kidneys aren’t filtering properly

Question 12

What is the glomerular filtration rate?

Answer 12

-measure of how much fluid enters the nephron

Question 13

What is a normal reading of GFR?

Answer 13

90-120 cm

Question 14

What does a GFR below 60 cm mean?

Answer 14

-form of chronic kidney disease

Question 15

What does a GFR below 15 cm mean?

Answer 15

-kidney failure

Question 16

What is renal dialysis?

Answer 16

-passing blood over partially perm memb of a dialysis tube containing dialysis fluid
-fluid contains right conc of ions, urea + water
-any substances in excess = diffuse out into fluid
-too low = diffuse from fluid into blood

Question 17

What are 2 treatments of kidney failure?

Answer 17

1. renal dialysis
2. transplant

Question 18

What are the 2 types of renal dialysis?

Answer 18

1. hameodialysis
2. peritoneal dialysis

Question 19

What is haemodialysis?

Answer 19

-blood enters machine, on other side is dialysis fluid separated by membrane
-dialysis fluid = no urea - ensures steep conc grad so all urea diffuses out
-also has normal plasma levels for glucose + ions to ensure no movement of glucose out (isotonic)

Question 20

What is the process of haemodialysis?

Answer 20

1. blood from vein passed through very small tubes made from membrane
2. outside of memb - dialysis and blood flow in opposite directions
3. dialysis fluid is isotonic

Question 21

What are the steps to peritoneal dialysis?

Answer 21

1. utilises peritoneum as it acts as natural dialysis membrane
2. fluid introduced into abdomen
3. fluid left inside where urea + ions move out of blood into tissue fluid into dialysis fluid
4. dialysis fluid is drained out = filtered blood

Question 22

What is the peritoneum?

Answer 22

-tissue lining abdominal cavity

Question 23

How long does peritoneal dialysis take?

Answer 23

-1/2 to 3/4 of an hour for fluid to be introduced into abdomen, take up waste and drain off
-happens several times a day

Question 24

What is needed for an organ transplant to take place?

Answer 24

-donor + recipient must have same blood group - if not antibodies will agglutinate with RBC antigens
-how close the human leucocyte antigens match

Question 25

What is the HLA?

Answer 25

-determines how much immune system will respond to a transplant

Question 26

What are immunosuppressants?

Answer 26

-reduce effect of immune system = increased chance of organ being accepted
-but causes more vulnerability for other diseases