Diagnosis And Classification

Question 1

What is schizophrenia

Answer 1

Serious mental disorder suffered by about 1% of the world population. More common in men that women

Question 2

Does sz have a cause?

Answer 2

Does not have a single cause but rather a cluster of symptoms that appear unrelated

Question 3

What does the DSM classify sz as ?

Answer 3

You need to have one positive symptom such as delusions

Question 4

What does the IDC-10 classify sz as?

Answer 4

You need to have 2 or more negative symptoms in order to be diagnosed

Question 5

What are positive symptoms of sz?

Answer 5

Additional to ordinary experience

Question 6

What are examples of positive symptoms?

Answer 6

Hallucinations

Delusions

Question 7

What are hallucinations?

Answer 7

Unusual sensory experiences for example hearing voices

Question 8

What are delusions?

Answer 8

Also known as paranoia delusions are irrational beliefs. Common delusions involve famous people

Question 9

What are negative symptoms?

Answer 9

Involve the loss of usual abilities

Question 10

What are examples of negative symptoms?

Answer 10

Avolution

Speech poverty

Question 11

What is avolution?

Answer 11

Can be described as finding it difficult to begin or keep up with a goal directed activity

Question 12

Andreason 1982

Answer 12

Indentified 3 indentifying signs of avolition

Poor hygiene and grooming
Lack of interest in work and education
Lack of energy

Question 13

What is speech poverty

Answer 13

Reduction In the amount and quality of speech - this can be seen in responses to conversation

Question 14

Evaluation (reliability)

Answer 14

The extent to which different assessors agree on the same diagnosis for the same patients

Question 15

Evaluation reliability ( ellie cheniaux study)

Answer 15

Had 2 independent psychiatrists diagnose 100 patients using DSM and ICD
Reliability was poor with one diagnosing 26 with DSM and 44 ICD and another diagnosing 13 DSM and 24 ICD

Question 16

Evaluation (validity)

Answer 16

Criterion validity is used to see if during separate systems to diagnose we can come to the same outcome
We see Sz is much more likely to be diagnosed using ICD which is a weakness of diagnosis

Question 17

Evaluation (co - morbidity )

Answer 17

Phenomenon that two or more conditions occur together

If conditions occur together this questions the validity of their diagnosis

Question 18

Buckley et al evaluation co - morbidity

Answer 18

Concluded half the patients with a SZ diagnosis also have depression PTSD also occurred in 29% of cases and OCD in 23%

Question 19

Evaluation (symptom overlap)

Answer 19

Both SZ and bipolar involve symptoms like delusions and negative symptoms like avolition
This calls into question diagnosis
ICD a person may be diagnosed as Sz but under DSM may be diagnosed as bipolar

Question 20

Gender bias in diagnosis

Answer 20

Longnecker 2010

Reviewed prevalence of sz and concluded since 1980’s men have been diagnosed more often that women

Question 21

Cultural bias in diagnosis

Answer 21

African Americans and English afro-Caribbean’s are several times more likely to be diagnosed with Sz than white People