Diagnosis and classification Flashcards
What are the classifications of Schizophrenia?
there is no defining characteristic its a cluster of symptoms
- two main systems for classification if mental disorders
IDC-11 and DSM-5
What is schizophrenia?
‘split mind’ and affects 1% of population
- occurs mid to late adelocence and rages thru early adulthood (16-25)
- more common in men than women
- symptoms interfere with everyday tasks
What is the criteria for DSM-5 diagnosis?
two or more of these conditions must be present for a significant period over 1 month:
- delusions
- hallucinations
- disorganised speech
- disorganised behaviour
- negative symptoms
What is the criteria for DSM-5 diagnosis?
symptoms must persist first at least 1 month:
- persistent delusions
- persistent hallucinations
- thought disorders
- experiences of influence, passivity or control
- psychomotor disturbances
What are positive symptoms
additional experiences beyond those of ordinary existence
What are some positive symptoms?
- hallucinations
- delusions
What are hallucinations?
unusual sensory experiences
- some are related to events in the environment but some have no relationship
What are delusions?
irrational beliefs that are resistant to confrontation with the truth
What are the forms of delusions?
Delusions of:
- persecution
- grandeur
- control
What are examples of hallucinations?
- hearing voices
- may see distorted facial expressions or people/animals that aren’t there
What are delusions of persecution?
belief that others want to harm, threaten or manipulate you
- may believe they’re being spied on and nasty rumours are being spred
What are delusions of grandeur?
idea that you’re an important individual even god like and have extraordinary powers
What are delusions of control?
belief that you’re under control of an alien force that has invaded tour mind/body
What is a negative symptom?
the loss of usual abilities and experiences
What are some negative symptoms?
- Avolition
- Speech poverty
What is avolition?
finding it difficult to begin of keep up with goal directed activity
- ppl have a reduced motivation to carry out a range if activities
What are the 3 signs of avolition
poor hygiene
lack of persistence in work/education
lack of energy
What is speech poverty?
changing patterns in speech
- reduction in the amount and quality of speech
- this can be manifested as a delay in verbal responses during conversations, incoherent and changing topic mid sentence
What is needed for a diagnosis system to work to work efficiently?
reliability and validity
What is reliability?
consistency over time between the individuals who are using the system to rate patients
- if two therapists disagree on a diagnosis then theres low reliability
What is validity?
diagnostic system assesess what it claims to assess
- patients who are diagnosed actually have that mental disorder
What is co-morbidity?
occurrence of two illnesses together which confuse diagnosis and treatment
What is symptom overlap?
when two or more conditions share symptoms questioning the validity of the classification
What are limitations of the validity/reliability of diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia?
- low reliability
- lack of validity
What is a strength of the validity/reliability of diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia?
predictive validity has improved
What are limitations of diagnosis and classification
- co morbidity
- symptom overlap
- gender bias
- cultural bias
Evaluate Rosenhans study into diagnosis
What is a limitation of Rosenhans study
Evaluate low reliability as a limitation of diagnosis and classification
Evaluate lack of validity as a limitation of diagnosis and classification
Evaluate improved predictive validity as a strength of diagnosis and classification
Evaluate co-morbidity as a limitation of diagnosis and classification
Evaluate symptom overlap as a limitation of diagnosis and classification
Evaluate gender bias as a limitation of diagnosis and classification
Evaluate cultural bias as a limitation of diagnosis and classification
