diagnosis and classification

Question 1

ICD-10

Answer 1

• Used by WHO
• 2 or more negative symptoms are needed

Question 2

DSM-V

Answer 2

• Manual used by the APA
• 1 positive symptom is needed

Question 3

Positive symptoms

Answer 3

• hallucinations (unusual sensory experience that isn’t there)
• delusions (irrational belief eg. Jesus (illusions of Grandeur, persecucion)
• disorganised speech

Question 4

Negative symptoms

Answer 4

• avolition, struggle with goal directed behaviour
• speech poverty, reduction in amount and/or quality of speech

Question 5

Reliability

Answer 5

• lacks reliability (consistency)
• inter-rater reliability
• 2 psychiatrists independently diagnose w00 patients using both DSM and ICD criteria
• 1 diagnosed 26 according to DSM and 44 according to ICD
• 1 diagnosed 13 with DSM and 24 with ICD

Question 6

Reliability COUNTER

Answer 6

• Osorio reported high inter-rater reliability when clinicians used two measures derived from the DSM
• criteria validity and inter-rater reliability good if within a single diagnostic system

Question 7

Comorbidity

Answer 7

• schiz. commonly diagnosed with other conditions
• Review = 50% of schiz. also have a depression diagnosis 50% or substance abuse 47
• schiz. may not exist as standalone, problem for diagnosis as may have something else

Question 8

Symptom overlap

Answer 8

• BPD = avolition and delusions
• schiz. and BPD may not be separate could be variations of one condition
• classification and diagnosis flawed

Question 9

Gender bias

Answer 9

• > 1980s men diagnosed significantly more than women
• women have closer social/familial relationships so get more support - function better than men
• lead to underdiagnosis
• C/D only works well on men

Question 10

Culture bias

Answer 10

• Afro-caribbean 10x more likely to get schiz. diagnosis once moved to the UK
• e.g. hearing voices attributed to cultures however in UK seen as irrational
• discrimination by culturally biased diagnostic system