Diabetic Retinopathy & Macular Degeneration Flashcards
Describe the Epidemiology of Diabetes:
- In the World?
- In Australia?
Describe the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy.
How is Diabetic Retinopathy classified?
Describe the epidemiology of Diabetic Retinopathy.
List 7 Characteristic features of Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy?
Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy - Characterised by:
1. Microaneurysms
2. Haemorrhages
3. Hard exudates
4. Cotton wool spots
5. Venous loops
6. Venous beading
7. Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMA)
What type/severity of Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy is this?
List 4 features of Moderate NPDR seen on fundoscopy?
**Moderate NPDR **
- More than mild, less than severe.
List 2 additional features of Severe NPDR seen on fundoscopy?
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy will have One or more of the following?
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy - One or more of the following:
1. Neovascularisation
i. New vessels at disc (NVD)
ii. New vessels elsewhere (NVE)
2. Vitreous or preretinal haemorrhage
List 1 Complication of Proliferative DR and 2 complications of Advanced Proliferative DR?
**Proliferative DR: **
1. Iris neovascularisation leading to rubeotic glaucoma
Advanced Proliferative DR - High risk for:
1. Tractional retinal detachment
2. Vitreous haemorrhage obscuring view
What is Maculopathy? When is it most significant?
Maculopathy = Retinal thickening (or edema) or hard exudates involving the macula.
- Most significant when involving the centre of the macula.
- Prevalence of visual impairment due to macular edema increases with duration of diabetes.
What are the 3 clinical patterns of Diabetic macular edema (DME) ?
Maculopathy
- Diabetic macular edema (DME) is now an OCT diagnosis.
- Centre involving vs Non-centre involving
Patterns:
1. Diffuse retinal thickening
2. Cystoid macular edema
3. Serous retinal detachment
What is OCT?
What is the treatment for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy?
Diabetic Retinopathy
* Proliferative DR (and some cases of severe NPDR) = Pan-retinal photocoagulation
* Any patient with NPDR = Fenofibrate
* Centre-involving macular oedema = Intravitreal injections
1. Corticosteroids (anti-inflammatory)
2. Bevacizumab (anti-VEGF)
3. Ranibizumab (anti-VEGF)
4. Aflibercept (anti-VEGF)
What are 4 Indications for surgery in diabetic retinopathy?
- Tractional retinal detachment
- Vitreous haemorrhage
- Taut posterior hyaloid
- Epiretinal membrane
What is the Epidemiology of Macular Degeneration:
- In the world?
- In Australia?
Macular Degeneration in the World
- The leading cause of visual disability in the industrialised world and the 3rd leading cause globally.
- Global prevalence of 170 million and expected to increase to 288 million by 2040.
List 3 Risk Factors for Age-Related Macular Degeneration?
Describe the Pathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration?
What is the AREDS Classification of Age-related Macular Degeneration?
What is the Conventional Classification of Age-Related Macular Degeneration?
What are the 2 types of Drusen seen in Dry AMD?
Other than drusen, which 2 other clinical features can be seen on fundoscopy in Dry AMD (atrophic)?
Features of Dry AMD:
1. Drusen (soft & hard)
2. RPE abnormalities (focal hyperpigmentation)
3. Geographic atrophy
What are the features of Wet AMD?
