Diabetes Type 2 Flashcards
What is Type 2 Diabetes (T2D)?
A chronic condition where the body does not produce enough insulin or respond properly to insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels. It is often linked to being overweight, inactive, or having a family history of T2D and typically occurs in people over 40. (NHS, 2023)
What is Type 2 Diabetes often linked with ?
It is often linked to being overweight, inactive, or having a family history of T2D and typically occurs in people over 40. (NHS, 2023)
What are the classification criteria for T2D?
HbA1c > 48 mmol/mol
Fasting plasma glucose > 7 mmol/L
2-hour plasma glucose > 11 mmol/L
What percentage of diabetes cases are T2D?
90%.
What are the symptoms of T2D?
Unintentional weight loss
Excessive thirst
Unceasing hunger
Headaches
Dry mouth
How many patients with T2D meet recommended activity guidelines (150 minutes/week)?
Less than 40%. (Morrato et al., 2007)
What are common barriers to exercise in T2D?
Lack of motivation
Health problems
Lack of social support
Lack of facilities
Cultural barriers
Weather
How does exercise benefit glucose regulation in T2D?
Acute bouts of exercise increase glucose uptake into muscles, removing it from the bloodstream and helping regulate glucose levels.
What are the recommended exercise guidelines for T2D?
150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise
At least 3 sessions of aerobic exercise per week
Resistance training at least 2 times per week (Mendes et al., 2015)
How much can adherence to aerobic exercise reduce HbA1c over 6 months?
By 2 mmol/mol when performed 3 times a week. (Umpierre et al., 2013)
What is the effect of combining aerobic and resistance training on T2D?
It is highly effective at reducing HbA1c levels. For every weekly weight session, HbA1c decreases by 0.4%. (Umpierre et al., 2011)
What is the relationship between exercise and the risk of developing T2D?
150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week reduces the risk of developing T2D by 26%. (Schellenberg et al., 2013)
More than 150 minutes is associated with a 36% reduction in T2D. (Blomster et al., 2013)
What are normal fasting blood glucose levels?
Healthy: 3.9–5.5 mmol/L
Pre-diabetic: 5.6–7 mmol/L
Diabetes: >7 mmol/L
What is a normal HbA1c level?
Healthy: 32–42 mmol/mol
Pre-diabetic: 42–48 mmol/mol
Diabetes: 48–120 mmol/mol
What does a high C-peptide level (>2.72 ng/ml) with high glucose indicate?
Type 2 Diabetes.
