Diabetes Type 1

Question 1

What is Type 1 Diabetes (T1D)?

Answer 1

A chronic autoimmune condition where the body cannot produce insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels. It often starts in children under 18 but can occur at any age.

Question 2

How many people globally are diagnosed with diabetes?

Answer 2

537 million people (International Diabetes Federation Atlas, 10th edition, 2021).

Question 3

What percentage of diabetics have Type 1 Diabetes (T1D)?

Answer 3

8%.

Question 4

What are common symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes?

Answer 4

Unintentional weight loss
Frequent urination
Irritability
Blurry vision
Fruity breath

Question 5

What tests and screenings are recommended for managing T1D?

Answer 5

HbA1c test every 3–6 months
Diabetic eye screening every 1–2 years
Annual foot check-ups

Question 6

What is HbA1c, and why is it important?

Answer 6

HbA1c reflects the average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months. High levels increase the risk of complications like retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease.

Question 7

How is insulin administered in T1D management?

Answer 7

Through injections several times a day or via an insulin pump that delivers small amounts throughout the day and night (NHS, 2024).

Question 8

What are signs of hypoglycemia?

Answer 8

Sweating
Paleness
Anxiety
Lack of concentration
Dizziness (NHS, 2024)

Question 9

What types of exercise affect blood glucose levels in T1D?

Answer 9

Lower intensity, longer duration = glucose drop
High intensity, short duration = glucose spikes
Aerobic + anaerobic = fluctuations (Skyler et al., 1996)

Question 10

How does exercise timing influence T1D management?

Answer 10

Morning exercise results in fewer hypoglycemic events and better metabolic control (NHS, 2024).

Question 11

What are continuous glucose monitors (CGMs), and how do they help?

Answer 11

Devices that track glucose levels and automatically adjust insulin delivery, often using a hybrid closed-loop system (NHS, 2024).

Question 12

What is the significance of the C-peptide test in T1D?

Answer 12

A low C-peptide (<0.51 ng/ml) with high blood glucose levels indicates T1D.

Question 13

Why might resistance exercise be prioritized in T1D?

Answer 13

Resistance exercise results in smaller glucose declines during exercise and stable early post-exercise glucose levels (Skyler et al., 1996).

Question 14

When do most post-exercise hypoglycemic episodes occur?

Answer 14

Between 15–24 hours after exercise cessation.

Question 15

What are the HB1AC levels should be ?

Answer 15

Healthy 32-42 mmol/mol
Pre-diabetic 42-48 mmol/mol
Diabetics 48> mmol/mol