Diabetes Therapies SD Flashcards
(25 cards)
What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Type 1- insulin deficient
Type 2- Insulin resistant
How many ATP molecules does one molecule of glucose generate?
30
What is glycolysis?
Break down of glucose
Briefly explain how insulin is released following glucose intake
Glucose is eaten and detected by GLUT-2 in the pancreas once inside a pancreatic cell. Metabolism occurs in mitochondria and produces ATP.
ATP is detected by sulfonylurea receptor & ATP switches off this receptor therefore potassium is no longer pumped out —> calcium channels open and calcium is pumped in which causes insulin to be released.
What tissues does insulin effect metabolism in?
Liver
Fat cell
Muscle cell
Explain insulin action on glucose levels
Insulin binds to receptor
Receptor is phosphorylated \
This activates cell signalling
This releases GLUT-4
GLUT-4 imports glucose
Hence lowering blood glucose
Where is GLUT-4 found?
Muscles
Where is GLUT-2 found?
Pancreas
What does an insulin molecule consist of?
2 peptide chains of 21 and 30 amino acids linked by 2 disulphide bonds
Define ‘insulin resistance’
The failure of target tissues to respond normally to insulin
What are the outcomes of insulin resistance on the body?
Decreased uptake of glucose in muscle cells
Reduced glycolysis & fatty acid oxidation
Continuing of gluconeogenosis
=Blood glucose increase
What is the half-life of naturally occurring insulin?
3-5 mins
What organ(s) remove insulin from the body and state a %
Liver 60%
Kidneys 35-40%
(Artificial insulin the numbers are reversed)
What is added to insulin to make it last longer?
Zinc or Protamine
How does zinc increase the duration of insulin?
Increases the stability of insulin
Delays site absorption
How does protamine increase duration in insulin?
Forms an insoluble complex with insulin so wont dissolve/ break down straight away when it gets into the blood hence produces prolonged release when administered
Why prolonged insulin?
To avoid very frequent injections (as normal insulin HL is 3-5mins)
What is meant by “endogenous”?
Naturally occuring
Briefly explain how to make recombinant insulin
Add human DNA to bacterial plasmid
Introduce plasmid back into bacterium
Plasmid replicates inside bacterium and bacterium divide to produce a colony
Purify protein culture
(Anything in a bacterial plasmid will produce huge amounts hence why it is used)
What are the 3 commercially rapid acting insulins?
Lispro
Aspart
Glulisine
When would you take rapid acting insulin and why?
5-15 mins before food
To minimise elevated blood glucose
When should short acting insulin be injected?
30-45 mins before a meal
What kind of insulin is bound to protamine?
Intermediate acting
What is an example of long acting insulin?
Insulin Detemir
Levemir
