Diabetes: Terminology Flashcards
Basal Insulin
Longer acting insulin that is meant to cover the body’s metabolic insulin requirement (regulating hepatic glucose production)
Basal insulin controls blood glucose in the fasting state
Bolus insulin
Short or rapid acting insulin which is meant to reduce glycemic excursions after meals
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Serious complication related to a deficiency of insulin and increase in insulin counter-regulatory hormones
Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4
Enzyme that rapidly degrades active incretin hormones after they are released
Euglycemia
Normal concentration of glucose in the blood. Also called normoglycemia
Fasting
No eating for the past 8 or more hours
Glucose
Major source of energy for the body
Glycogen
The stored form of glucose in the liver and skeletal muscle
Glycogenesis
The synthesis of glycogen form glucose that occurs chiefly in the liver and skeletal muscle
Glycogenolysis
The conversion of glycogen to glucose in the body
Gluconeogenesis
The synthesis of glucose in the body from non-carbohydrates, such as protein or fats
Hemoglobin A1C
A value that represents the percent of hemoglobin in the blood that is glycosylated. This percent reflects the glycemic control over the past 2 to 3 months
Hyperosmolar or Hyperglycemic State
Serious condition characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperosmolarity and dehydration and the absence of ketoacidosis that may occur in type 2 diabetes
Hypoglycemia
Most common acute complication of diabetes; occurs from a relative excess of insulin in the blood and is characterized by below-normal blood glucose levels
Insulin resistance
The inability of peripheral target tissues to respond properly to normal circulating concentrations of insulin
Ketosis
A condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of ketones in the body tissues and fluid
Lipolysis
Breakdown of fats and lipids to fatty acids (alternative fuel source)
Macrovascular disease
Large blood vessels disease; most commonly affected are the coronary arteries, the large arteries in the brain, and large arteries in the periphery
Microvascular complications
Small blood vessel disease caused by long term exposure to hyperglycemia; most commonly affects the eyes, kidneys, and nerves
Nocturia
Excessive urination at night
Persistent albuminuria
A term that reflects when the kidney is allowing an abnormal amount of protein (> 30 μg/mg) to be filtered through the glomerulous.
Marker used in addition to serum creatinine and GFR to stage chronic kidney disease
Polydipsia
Excessive thirst
Polyphagia
Excessive hunger
Polyuria
Excessive urination
