Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endocrine Diseases > Diabetes Mellitus > Flashcards

Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between diabetes mellitus and insipidus

A

Mellitus is an abnormality in glucose regulation
Insipidus is an abnormality in renal function - water
Mellitus - pee is sweet
Insipidus - it isn’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What percentage of diabetes mellitus patients are each type

A

10% is type 1
85% is type 2
5% is neither - monogenic diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is diabetes mellitus

A

A series of metabolic conditions sharing the major characteristics of hyperglycaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the risks of chronic hyperglycaemia

A

Macrovascular diseases such as stokes and MIs

Microvascular complications such as obliteration of vessels and atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What can be used to test for diabetes mellitus

A

Random plasma glucose
GTT
HbA1C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When would a random blood glucose diagnose a patient as diabetic

A

> 11.1mmol/L on 2 occasions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe glucose tolerance test (GTT)

A

Fixed glucose load is given to the patient and the sugar level is assessed afterwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is HbA1C

A

Also called glycosylated haemoglobin

A measure of what the blood glucose has been like for the past few weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is impaired fasting glucose

A

A pre-diabetic state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When will a GTT diagnose diabetes

A

Before test (mmol/L)
Fasting plasma glucose >7
2 hour plasma glucose
FPG >11.1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

Caused by an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic B cells leading to a lack of insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How will a patient with type 1 diabetes present

A

With hyperglycaemia and ketoacidosis
Low C-Peptide levels indicating low insulin secretion
GAD, ICA and IAA antibodies present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What causes ketoacidosis

A

Inability to make insulin so patient’s don’t have the ability to move glucose into cells for metabolism
Therefore will metabolise fat within cells rather than glucose to maintain energy
Will result in ketones being produced which are acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the typical adult onset of type 1 diabetes

A

Will often be LADA - latent autoimmune diabetes in adults
GAD associated
Less weight loss and ketoacidosis
Syptoms will develop over a longer period of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the symptoms of type 1 diabetes

A

Polyuria - pee a lot
Polydipsia - will be thirsty a lot
Tiredness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What patients are most likely to have type 2 diabetes

A

Patients who are obese and inactive

Usually over the age of 40

17
Q

Describe ketoacidosis in type 2 diabetes

A

Patients rarely become ketoacidotic as the rate of insulin problem develops very slowly
In most cases the patients hyperglycaemia will present with problems or complications of the disease will arise before ketoacidosis is going to happen
If left long enough patient would run out of insulin and develop ketoacidosis

18
Q

Describe type 2 diabetes

A

A heterogenous group of hyperglycaemic disorders with multiple different mechanisms
Patient is unable to produce an adequate insulin response to a sugar load and the insulin response doesn’t properly interact with cell receptors to allow glucose to move into cells
Patient often over-secretes insulin for a normal amount of response

19
Q

What metabolic changes happen in type 2 diabetes

A

Inadequate release or response to incretins
Increased absorption of glucose from GI tract
Defect in insulin synthesis, secretion and action
Collectively termed insulin resistance

20
Q

What are the effects of type 2 diabetes (7)

A 
Impaired glucose tolerance
Hyperinsulinanaemia
Hypertension
Obesity with abdominal distribution
Dislipidaemia (High LDL, low HDL)
Procoagulant epithelial markers
Early and accelerated atherosclerosis
21
Q

Describe the onset of type 2 diabetes

A

Gradual over many years
Symptoms develop gradually and may be thought of as ageing
May present with unusual infections such as oral candidiasis, MI or stroke

22
Q

What is medication induced diabetes

A

Medicine which interferes with the secretion of insulin or glucagon

23
Q

Which medicines can cause medication induced diabetes

A 
Corticosteroids
Immune suppressants
Cancer medication
Antipsychotics
Antivirals
24
Q

Which diseases can cause diabetes

A

Cushing’s disease
Phaeochromocytoma (adrenal tumour)
Acromegaly
Pregnancy - gestational diabetes

25
Q

Describe a typical type 1 diabetes patient

A 
Younger
Thin
Possible family Hx of type 1 diabetes
Possible family Hx of autoimmune disease
Diabetic symptoms
Easily get ketoacidosis
26
Q

Describe a typical type 2 diabetes patient

A 
Older
Obese
Strong family Hx
May present with diabetic symptoms
Will most likely present with complications
Rarely get ketoacidosis

Endocrine Diseases (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions