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CPT > Diabetes Mellitus > Flashcards

Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the role of insulin?

A

Stimulates uptake of glucose into liver, adipose and muscle tissue
Decreases hepatic glucose output - inhibition of gluconeogenesis
Inhibits glycogenolysis
Promotes uptake of fats

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2
Q

What are the main insulin categories?

A 
Ultrafast acting 
Rapid acting 
Short acting 
Intermediate acting 
Long acting 
Very long acting
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3
Q

What is an example of an ultrafast acting insulin?

A

Insulin aspart

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4
Q

What are some examples of rapid acting insulins?

A

Humalog

Novorapid

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5
Q

What should rapid acting insulin be injected?

A

Just before eating

Onset ~ 5-15 mins

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6
Q

What are some examples of short acting insulin?

A

Actarapid

Humulin S

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7
Q

When should short acting insulin be injected?

A

~15-30 mins before eating

Onset of ~30-60 mins

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8
Q

What are some examples of intermediate acting insulin?

A

Insulatard

Humulin I

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9
Q

When should intermediate insulin be used?

A

Between meals and overnight

Onset of ~2-4 hrs

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10
Q

What is an example of a long acting insulin?

A

Glargine

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11
Q

What is an example of a very long acting insulin?

A

Degludec

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12
Q

What are some adverse effects of insulin?

A

Hypoglycaemia
Hyperglycaemia
Lipodystrophy - continuous injections in one place
Painful injections
Allergies to preservatives in the solution

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13
Q

What are the effects of metformin?

A

Decreased insulin resistance => increased glucose uptake
Decreased hepatic gluconeogenesis => decreased hepatic glucose output
Decreased CVS events via lowering cholesterol and TAG

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14
Q

What are some side effects of metformin?

A

GI Sx
Lactic acidosis
Vit B12 deficiency due to accelerated bowel movements

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15
Q

How do sulphonylureas act in DM?

A

Stimulates β cells to release insulin

Decreased microvascular release

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16
Q

What are some side effects of sulphonylureas?

A

Weight gain

Hypoglycaemia

17
Q

How does acarbose exert its effects in DM?

A

Inhibits α-glucosidase therefore inhibits breakdown of carbohydrates

18
Q

What are some side effects of acarbose?

A

Flatulence
Loose stools
Diarrhoea

19
Q

How do glitazones exert their effects in DM?

A

Increase insulin sensitivity in muscle and adipose

Decrease hepatic glucose output

20
Q

How do glucagon like peptide therapies act in DM?

A

Increase insulin secretion

Decrease glucagon production

21
Q

What are some ADRs of GLP?

A

GI Sx - nausea, loose stools, diarrhoea
GORD
Hypoglycaemia

22
Q

How do glifozins exert their effects?

A

Inhibition of SGLT2 in renal PCT => excess excretion of glucose in urine

Can be used as add on therapy in pts w/ T1DM or T2DM

23
Q

What are some side effects of glifozins?

A

Lower urinary tract Sx - including infections, more common in women
Polyuria
Low risk of hypoglycaemia

CPT (21 decks)

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