Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards
Define metabolic syndrome
a cluster of the most dangerous risk factors for CV disease
Describe the pathophysiology of diabetes
Normally with high glucose levels, insulin gets secreted from the pancreatic β cells–> glucose intake into the cells lowering plasma glucose levels
With diabetes, either insulin can’t be produced from the pancreatic β cells because they’ve been destroyed or cells have become insulin resistant
What is the mechanism behind type 1 diabetes?
autoantibodies against pancreatic β cells
Three symptoms of type 1 diabetes?
polyuria
polydipsia
Weight loss
Typical presentation of type 1 diabetes?
Family history
young
presence of ketones in blood
Treatment of type 1 diabetes?
insulin immediately
Mechanism behind type 2 diabetes?
insulin resistance
Causes of type 2 diabetes? 2
obesity
physical inactivity
If untreated, what two things can it lead to?
hyperglycaemia
inadequate energy utilisation
Treatment of type 2 diabetes?
first lifestyle changes
then non insulin therapies such as antiglycaemics like metformin
then insulin as last resort
Symptoms of diabetes?
due to hyperglycaemia
due to inadequate energy production
hyperglycaemia:polyuria
polydipsia
blurring of vision
urogenital infections
Inadequate utilisation of energy: tiredness
weakness
weight loss
4 ways to test for diabetes? Give values
- Fasting glucose level- >7.1mmol/L
- random glucose level- >11.1
- Hb1Ac- >6.5%
- Oral glucose tolerance test
Name one serious complication of type 1 diabetes and symptoms of this
ketoacidosis- Increased β oxidation leading to increased ketone body production
symptoms: hyperventialtion nausea vomiting dehydration abdo pain
Name some chronic complications of diabetes
Microvascular complication: Nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy
Macrovascular: Cerebrovascular disease
Peripheral vascular disease, CAD
These can lead to stroke, MI, gangrene, intermittent claudication
