Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards
what is type 1 diabetes
an autoimmune disease causing the destruction of beta cells
what are the symptoms of type 1
polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, tiredness
when does type 1 usually develop
childhood
what are the macrovascular complications of type 1
stroke, MI, foot ulcers
what are the microvascular complications of type 1
diabetic eye disease, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, diabetic foot
what is the management for type 1
diet, exercise, insulin therapy
what can untreated type 1 lead to
- hyperglycaemia
- ketoacidosis
- dehydration
what are the normal plasma glucose levels
3.3-6 mmol/L
what is the value for the renal threshold
10mmol/L
when does the renal threshold change
increases in the elderly and decreases in pregnancy
what tests can be done to monitor blood glucose or diagnose diabetes
- dipstick
- finger prick
- HbA1c
- ketone body test
what is type 2 diabetes
insulin receptors have a reduced sensitivity to insulin
true or false - ketoacidosis is seen in type 2
false
how is type 2 managed
diet, exercise, metformin, sulphonylureas, insulin therapy
what do alpha and beta cells in the islets of Langerhans do
alpha - secrete glucagon
beta - secrete insulin
describe how insulin is released
in high glucose levels lots of ATP is produced. this inhibits the ATP sensitive potassium channels on the beta cells causing an increase in intracellular K. this causes VGCCs to open and in calcium influx causes the release of the insulin vesicles
what type of channel is glucose taken up through in response to insulin
GLUT 4
what does insulin do
increases glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, inhibits fatty acid breakdown
what does glucagon do
increases glycogen breakdown, causes gluconeogenesis and stimulates breakdown of fats
