Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards
Types of DM
Type 1
Type 2
Gestational
Examination important steps in DM
Prayers sign
Skin -bullae, pigmentation , granuloma annulaire , vitiligo
Blood pressure
Neck - carotid pulse , bruits, thyroid enlargement
Head - xanthelesma, cranial nerve palsy , movements, ptôsis
Eyes -visual acuity , cataract, Lens opacity , fundoscopy
Insulin injection sites - anterior abdominal wall, upper thighs/buttocks, upper outer arms
Abdomen -hepatomegaly
Legs -muscle wasting, sensory abnormalities, hair loss, tendon reflexes
Feet - inspection, peripheral pulse, sensation
DM definition
Clinical syndrome with Hyperglycemia
Type 1 DM definition
Form of DM from autoimmune destruction of insulin producing Beta cells of pancreas leading to insulin insuffiency
Type 2 DM definition
DM with reduced sensitivity to insulin and inability to produce enough insulin to overcome this insulin resistance
Type of complication caused by hyperglycemia
Micro vascular complications - retino, nephro, neuropathies
Diagnostic criteria for DM
Fasting blood glucose FBC - more than 7mmol/L or 126mg/dL
Or
Glucose 2h after glucose challenge - more than 11.1mmol/L or 200mg/dL
Or
HbAC> 48mmol/mol
Percentage of world population with diabetes
10% and should increase
Population with high Incidence of DM type 2
Migrants to undustrialized countries
Children and adolescent from Hispanics, black and Asian India
Population with high incidence of type 1 DM
Countries close to pole Like Finland
Caucasians
Mortality rate of DM
5m deaths