Diabetes Mellitus

Question 1

Types of DM

Answer 1

Type 1
Type 2
Gestational

Question 2

Examination important steps in DM

Answer 2

Prayers sign
Skin -bullae, pigmentation , granuloma annulaire , vitiligo
Blood pressure
Neck - carotid pulse , bruits, thyroid enlargement
Head - xanthelesma, cranial nerve palsy , movements, ptôsis
Eyes -visual acuity , cataract, Lens opacity , fundoscopy
Insulin injection sites - anterior abdominal wall, upper thighs/buttocks, upper outer arms
Abdomen -hepatomegaly
Legs -muscle wasting, sensory abnormalities, hair loss, tendon reflexes
Feet - inspection, peripheral pulse, sensation

Question 3

DM definition

Answer 3

Clinical syndrome with Hyperglycemia

Question 4

Type 1 DM definition

Answer 4

Form of DM from autoimmune destruction of insulin producing Beta cells of pancreas leading to insulin insuffiency

Question 5

Type 2 DM definition

Answer 5

DM with reduced sensitivity to insulin and inability to produce enough insulin to overcome this insulin resistance

Question 6

Type of complication caused by hyperglycemia

Answer 6

Micro vascular complications - retino, nephro, neuropathies

Question 7

Diagnostic criteria for DM

Answer 7

Fasting blood glucose FBC - more than 7mmol/L or 126mg/dL

Or

Glucose 2h after glucose challenge - more than 11.1mmol/L or 200mg/dL

Or

HbAC> 48mmol/mol

Question 8

Percentage of world population with diabetes

Answer 8

10% and should increase

Question 9

Population with high Incidence of DM type 2

Answer 9

Migrants to undustrialized countries
Children and adolescent from Hispanics, black and Asian India

Question 10

Population with high incidence of type 1 DM

Answer 10

Countries close to pole Like Finland
Caucasians

Question 11

Mortality rate of DM

Answer 11

5m deaths