Diabetes management Flashcards
Beta cells produces and are from
insulin and pancreas
Type 1 diabetes , AKA
beta cells produces little or no insulin properly (Juvenile diabetes or Insulin-depndent diabetes
What is the peak age for type 1 diabetes diagnoses?
14 years old
Type 2 diabetes (insulin deficiency)
insulin deficiency , pancreas not producing enough insulin
Type 2 diabestes, insulin resistance
Fat, liver and muscle cell don’t use insulin properly
The nurse is teaching group of students about the characteristics of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Which of the following describe the underlying cause of the disease?
Destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Which type of diabetes is controlled primarily through diet, exercise, and oral antidiabetic agents?
Type 2 diabetes
Which of the following persons would most likely be diagnosed with diabetes mellitus? A 44-year-old:
African-American woman
Glucagon
and when is normally glucagon activated
Converting amino-acids into glucose (gluconeogenesis)
hypoglycemic patients
Which hormone produces glucagon
alpha cells
Prior to discharge, the nurse performs discharge teaching for a patient admitted with a new diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. The patient asks for more information about the purpose of glucagon. Which is the best response by the nurse?
“You take glucagon if you’ve had too much insulin or are severely hypoglycemic.”
Diagnosing diabetes through blood glucose reading
Regardless of when you last ate
>200 mg/dl : diabetes
More than 200 mg/dl is considered diabetic
Fasting plasma glucose test (FPG) results for diabetics (taken after overnight fasting)
126 mg/dl or greater
Fasting plasma glucose test (FPG) results for pre diabetes and normal range (taken after overnight fasting)
125 mg/dl to 100 mg/dl
less than 100 mg/dl
hemoglobin A1c (HBA1c) test ae for
average blood glucose level for the past two to three moths (percentage of blood glucose attached to Hb
normal range for HBA1c test
<5.7%
pre diabetes range for HbA1c test
between 5.7 and 6.4%
diabetes range for HbA1c test
> 6.5%
Oral glucose tolerance test range for fasting range
60-100 mg/dl
oral glucose tolerance test reading for 1 hour of drinking a sugar liquid
less than 200 mg/dl
oral glucose tolerance test reading after 2 hours of drinking a sugary liquid and what is diabetic
less than 140 mg/dl (>200 mg/dl: diabetes)
oral glucose tolerance test measures and what is done after fasting
a blood glucose level after an overnight fast
drink a sugary drink of 75 mg of glucose and test 1 hour, 2 hours after
Blood sugar is well controlled when Hemoglobin A1C is:
below 7%
complications of diabetes (small blood vessel damage can contribute to ) (microvascular complications
blindess and kidney diseases
Complications of diabetes for Neve damage (neuropathy)
feet and hands , heart and circulation ,
stomach, bladder and sex organs
Blood becomes more ____ and this leads to circulation disruption to places like feet/hands
sticky
Damage to vagal nerves in stomach can gauge things like
nausea, vomiting, constipation
what are ways we can self manage diabetes
monitoring blood glucose, taking medication, following a meal plan, getting regular exercise
Safe physical active for diabetes includes
test blood glucose before and after active , war the right shoes and socks. always warm u and cool down
diabetes foot care
always inspect wash, dry , moisturize
when cutting nails for diabetes patients
cut straight across rather than in a curved fashion to help prevent in grown toe nails
also don’t cut too short
normal range after meals for a blood glucose
70-120 mg/dl
range of blood glucose for hypoglycemia patients
BGL <70 mg/dl
range of blood glucose for hyperglycemia patients
BGL >120 mg/dl
how much to drink in grams of fast acing low-fat carbohydrate when hypoglycemic
15
Hyperglycemic symptoms include
polyphasic, polydipisia , polyuria
polyphagia
frequent hunger
polydipsia
frequent thirst
polyuria
increased volume of urination
nursing diagnoses for diabetics. pos ,
risk for unstable blood glucose, risk for infection, risk for disturbed sensory preception
Insulin : Regular and examples
short-acting insulin (Humulin R, Novolin R)
insulin, NPH and examples
intermediate acting insulin (Humulin N, Novolin N)
The blood glucose of a patient who is newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus has a blood glucose level of 340 mg/dL. Which type of insulin prescribed for the patient is appropriate to administer at this time?
- Regular
An external insulin pump is prescribed for a client with diabetes mellitus and the client asks the nurse about the functioning of the pump. The nurse bases the response on the information that the pump:
gives a small continuously dose of regular insulin subcutaneously, and the client can self-administer a bolus with an additional dose form the pump before each meal
**Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) complications of hyper glycemic highlights
Glucose can’t enter cells for energy
Body begins to break down fat for energy
when people misses their insulin treatment it causes cells to get energy from
fat and the wast products are ketones
ketones can be present in
urine (ketonuria) and breath (fruity breath)
common symptoms of DKA are
fruity smelling breath, abdominal pain and a flushed face
common factors affecting DKA
type 1 diabetes and ones under age of 19
as much as how many missed insulin can con lead to DKA
1 or serial insulin misses
A client is brought to the emergency room in an unresponsive state, and a diagnosis of hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome is made. The nurse would immediately prepare to initiate which of the following anticipated physician’s orders?
intravenous infusion of normal saline
Nonketotic syndrome is common in which type of diabetes
type 2
do you need to fast for H1ABC test?
no
