Diabetes examination Flashcards
On a urine dipstick test, what would raised leucocytes and/or nitrites indicate?
Infection
On a urine dipstick test, what would presence of protein indicate?
Kidney damage
On a urine dipstick test, what would presence of blood indicate?
Trauma, renal nutcracker syndrome, infection, kidney stones or possible cancer
What does glucosuria indicate?
Diabetes
What does the presence of raised ketones in the urine indicate?
DKA
What are the macrovascular complications of diabetes?
CAD, peripheral arterial disease, stroke
What are the microvascular complications of diabetes?
Diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy
Name 2 diabetic emergencies
DKA and hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS)
What’s a high BMI a risk factor for?
Diabetes, stroke, CVD, hypertension, gall bladder disease, osteoarthritis, obstructive sleep apnoea, cancers and premature death
What is a low BMI a risk factor?
Osteoporosis and infertility
What’s metabolic syndrome?
Dyslipidaemia, insulin deficiency, hyperglycaemia and central obesity. It’s associated with increased risk of CVD
What are the boundaries above which someone should be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome?
Any 3 of the following
• Waist circumference
≥102cm in men, ≥90cm in Asian men, ≥ 88cm in women, ≥80cm in Asian women
• Elevated triglycerides ≥1.7mmol/L
• Decreased HDL <1.03mmol/L for men and <1.29mmol/L for women
• Blood pressure >130/85
• Fasting blood glucose > 5.6mmol/L
What’s the clinical method for a fast measurement of blood glucose?
Wash your hands and put on fresh gloves.
Insert a test strip into the glucometer.
Remove the cap of the lancet and press the platform of the lancet firmly against the side of the tip of the middle finger and press the release button.
Gently squeeze the finger to obtain a good drop of blood. Touch the drop to the edge of the yellow mark on the test strip. Record the reading and discard the clinical waste
