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Pharmacotherapeutics > Diabetes, Antibiotics & Antivirals > Flashcards

Diabetes, Antibiotics & Antivirals Flashcards

1
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Regulates blood glucose level & is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
Insulin promotes the movement of glucose from the bloodstream back into the tissues to reduce levels.

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2
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Acts as a hormonal antagonist of insulin. Increases blood glucose (rapid breakdown of glycogen) in order to maintain normal levels as a way or preventing hypoglycemia

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3
Q

What is normal fasting blood glucose?

A

70-110 mg

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4
Q

Type I Diabetes Mellitus

A

Unable to synthesize insulin due to destruction of pancreatic beta cells

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5
Q

Type II Diabetes Mellitus

A

Combination of beta cell dysfunction and decreased sensitivity of peripheral tissues to circulating insulin.
Insulin RESISTANCE

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6
Q

What factors can lead to DMII?

A

Genetics, poor diet, obesity, lack of exercise

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7
Q

Most common symptom of DMI & DMII?

A

Hyperglycemia – Due to lack of insulin mediated glucose uptake by peripheral tissues

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8
Q

What is used as a replacement for insulin in type I diabetics?

A

Exogenous insulin

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9
Q

What forms of insulin exist? (3)

A

Rapid-acting, intermediate-acting, or long-acting.
Can be combined

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10
Q

What acts as an “artificial pancreas”

A

Implantable insulin pump

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11
Q

What medication schedule is a diabetic typically on?

A

Intermediate or long-acting 1x/day
Short-acting after meals or when blood sugar rises

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12
Q

Adverse effects of insulin?

A

Hypoglycemia - Dramatic drop in blood sugar

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13
Q

A patient presents with a headache, tachycardia, and some confusion with additional complaints of being hungry and tired… what could they be experiencing?

A

Hypoglycemia
S/S: HA, fatigue, hunger, tachycardia, sweating, anxiety, confusion

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14
Q

Type II Diabetes Medications

A

Exogenous insulin can be used, but others exist that target the stimulation of pancreatic beta cells to increase insulin release and decrease hepatic glucose production
Ex: Insulin Sensitizers

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15
Q

What drug acts on the liver to inhibit glucose production and increase the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin? Also acts as a cornerstone for DMII drug combinations

A

Metformin (Glucophage) – Insulin Sensitizer

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16
Q

Patients experiencing confusion, lethargy, stupor, shallow rapid breathing, & tachycardia while on Metformin may be developing _________?

A

Lactic Acidosis

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17
Q

Most important factors to control in diabetes

A

Weight, diet, exercise

18
Q

What is the goal of antibacterial drugs?

A

Selective Toxicity – Selectively kill the growth of an organism without causing excessive damage to other cells

19
Q

What drugs treat small, unicellular organisms?

A

Antimicrobial drugs or antibiotics

20
Q

Drugs that kill or destroy bacteria

A

Bactericidal Drugs

21
Q

Drugs that limit bacteria growth

A

Bacteriostatic Drugs

22
Q

What determines antibiotic prescription?

A

Spectrum of drug, patient tolerance, bacterial resistance, type/location of infection, & physician preference

23
Q

Three main MOAs for antibacterial drugs

A
  1. Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis/function
  2. Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
  3. Inhibit bacterial DNA/RNA function
24
Q

Adverse Effects of Antibiotics

A

Hypersensitivity reactions (rashes, itching, wheezing)
GI problems (N/V, diarrhea)

25
Q

What is one of the most serious problems associated with antibiotics?

A

Resistance - Development of bacterial strains that are resistant to one or more antibacterial agents

26
Q

Most common drug resistances

A

VRSA, MRSA, VRE, PRSP

27
Q

Rehab Implications for Antibiotics

A

Will encounter MANY INFECTIONS (bone, wounds, UTIs, pneumonia) - Stop the spread of infection

28
Q

How do viruses function?

A

They are small microorganisms that rely on the human host cell for metabolic processing

29
Q

True or False - A majority of antiviral agents are selective to only virus cells

A

FALSE - Difficult to treat viruses since only a limited number of antivirals are FDA approved as selective agents

30
Q

Do antivirals cause resistance like antibiotics?

A

Not to the same degree, but antivirals can mutate and cause resistance as well. It is a growing concern

31
Q

A group of proteins that are part of the immune system response to viral infections and control some forms of cancer by acting as an early preventive mechanism – NOT antiviral drug

A

Interferons
Can help treat Hep B/C, some cancers, & MS

32
Q

Adverse effects of interferons

A

Fever, sweating, chills, muscle aches, malaise, depression

33
Q

What are the two goals of HIV management?

A

Control proliferation of HIV
Treat/Prevent opportunistic infections

34
Q

True or False - There are only antivirals available to inhibit replication of HIV, but none to kill the virus

A

True

35
Q

Drugs that inhibit HIV protease enzyme and prevent the synthesis/maturation of HIV

A

Protease Inhibitors

36
Q

Adverse effects of protease inhibitors

A

Abdominal fat deposition, increased cholesterol, insulin resistance, increased cardiovascular disease, diarrhea, HA, fatigue

37
Q

Drugs used to inhibit replication and proliferation of HIV by targeting the key step. Do NOT eliminate virus, but do stop the spread

A

Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

38
Q

Adverse effects of reverse transcriptase inhibitors

A

Anemia, fever, chills, diarrhea, HA, fatigue, myopathy, atrophy

39
Q

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)

A

At least 3 anti-HIV drugs administered simultaneously for optimal inhibition. Shown success in delaying progression and sustaining immune function.
Poor adherence due to side effects and dosage

40
Q

Examples of opportunistic infections

A

Pneumonia, Hepatitis, Necrotizing lesions, Vesicular eruption of skin, TB, CNS infections

Pharmacotherapeutics (13 decks)

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