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Pharmacology final > Diabetes and Hormones > Flashcards

Diabetes and Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

2 major thyroid hormones

A

T3
T4

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2
Q

normal effects of thyroid hormones

A

increase basal metabolic rate
accelerate the rate of utilization of foods for energy
accelerate the growth rate of young people
excite mental process
increase the activity of most endocrine glands
more and bigger mitochondria

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3
Q

2 disorders of thyroid gland

A

hyperthyroidism
hypothyroidism

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4
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

high state of excitability
intolerance to heat
increased sweating
mild to extreme weight loss
muscle weakness
nervousness
extreme fatigue
inability to sleep
tremor of hands

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5
Q

hypothyroidism

A

fatigue
extreme somnolence
extreme muscular sluggishness
slow heart rate
decreased BV and CO
increased weight
mental sluggishness
depressed growth of hair

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6
Q

cause for thyroid disorder - auto immunity

A

destruction of the thyroid gland can cause hypo
errant stimulation of the thyroid receptors causes hyper

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7
Q

cause for thyroid disorder - cancer

A

tumor of the thyroid gland can cause hyper

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8
Q

cause for thyroid disorder - diet

A

lack of iodine in the diet can cause hypo

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9
Q

cause for thyroid disorder - genetics

A

lacking enzymes involved in making thyroid hormones causes hypo

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10
Q

goiters

A

large protrusions on the neck due to enlarged thyroid gland

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11
Q

why do you get goiters

A

result of thyroid stimulating hormones receptor activity

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12
Q

when can you see goiters

A

severe hypo and sometimes hyper

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13
Q

hypo

A

low thyroid hormones so body over produces thyroid stimulating hormone in pituitary gland
grows bigger and bigger

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14
Q

hyper

A

elevated levels of anti-TSH antibodies over stim thyroid gland
gets bigger and bigger

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15
Q

what can decrease t4 absorption

A

excessive clacium or aluminum antacids

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16
Q

treatment for hypo

A

drugs

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17
Q

treatment for hyper

A

removal of part or all of the gland
inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis

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18
Q

what can inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis

A

thioamide

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19
Q

estrogen and progestogen use as drugs

A

contraception
fertility treatments
menopause
rare diseases

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20
Q

combined oral contraceptive

A

combination of estrogen and progestogen
preventative
taken regular

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21
Q

high dose progestin

A

morning after pill

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22
Q

major side effects of estrogen and progestogen

A

breast fullness
depression
fluid retention
headache
nausea
vomitting

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23
Q

minor side effects of estrogen and progestogen

A

cv disease
carcinogenicity
metabolic effects like abnormal glocose tolerance
weight gain

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24
Q

possible benefecial effect of estrogen

A

good effect on cholesterol levels

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25
other reasons to take estrogen and progestogen
menopause post menopause premature menopause transgender estrogen deficiency due to removal of ovaries inadequate functioning of ovaries
26
drugs can block effects of hormone also
tamoxifen: used to treat estrogen-dependent breast cancer
27
what can be agonist and antigonist
selective estrogen-receptor modulators
28
androgens
anabolic steroids that have a masculinizing effect
29
where are androgens produced
testis ovary to lesser extent
30
androgens from testes are
testosterone DHT and DHEA
31
androgens use
by males with hypogonadism prevent body deterioration due to HIV, severe burns, surgery
32
adverse effects of using androgens
increased aggression reduced testicle size impotence
33
regulation of glucose in healthy person
1. beta islets cells of pancreas sense high levels of glucose in the blood 2. insulin is released 3. insulin goes throughout the body interacts with insulin receptors on the tissues 4. insulin receptors cause glucose transporters to become active 5. glucose is transported to the tissues
34
other metabolic effects of insulin on healthy people
regulates metabolism of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids inside the cell causes formation of glycogen in the liver storage of triglycerides in the adipose tissue maintain blood glucose at <100mg/dl fasting and <120mg/dl post meal
35
% population in us affected by diabetes
>10%
36
3rd type of diabetes
gestational diabetes may lead to type 2 diabetes
37
other rare types of diabetes
congenital diabetes cystic fibrosis-related diabetes steroid diabetes induced by high doses of glucocorticoids monogenic diabetes
38
type 1 diabetes
10% of diabetics onset in the 20's
39
type 1 diabetes pathophysiology
B islets of pancreas get damaged and destroyed by auto immune disease insulin cannot be produced
40
when blood glucose rises acts as a
diuretic
41
consequence of high blood glucose
loss of calories in urine causes weight loss and increased appetite tissues use fat as energy and produce ketone bodies toxic effect
42
issue with low insulin
increase in formation of new glucose release of FFA to make ketoacids that make the blood acidic
43
type 2 diabetes
non-insulin dependent 90% of diabetes onset older
44
type 2 diabetes pathophysiology
insulin receptors don not work properly pancreas makes extra insulin insulin resistant
45
overtime pancreas becomes __ in type 2
burned out and stops working then resembles type 1 and requires insulin injections
46
symptoms of uncontrolled diabetes
polyuria polyphagia polydipsia unexplained weight loss fatigue blurred vision irritable neuropathy: damage to feet ketosis (type 1 only)
47
4 tests for diagnosing diabetes
glycosylated hemoglobin HbA1c <7% is the goal fasting plasma glucose levels glucose tolerance test : drink glucose symptoms of hyperglycemia
48
defining difference btw type 1 and 2
insulin level following a glucose tolerance test
49
primary methods for non-drug control of diabetes
diet and exercise (2>1)
50
diet strategy for diabetes
control protein intake lower saturated fat intake modulate the types of fat reduce cholesterol reduce carbs modify vitamins and minerals
51
exercise strategy for diabetes
improve uptake of glucose by muscles reduce risk of CV complications improve glycemic control
52
problem with exercise and diabetes
autonomic neuropathy retinopathy peripheral neuropathy
53
recommendation of exercise for diabetes
150 min/wk of moderate exercise resistance training for enhaced glycemic control
54
exercise can have effects that last
24-48 hours
55
drug treatment for type 1
rapid acting short acting intermediate acting/extended long acting
56
rapid short acting
subcutaneous injection (post meal) injected before meal bolus injection (loading dose)
57
long acting
subcutaneous injection released slower injected after meal basal injection (maintenance dose)
58
can different types of insulin medication be injected with the same syringe
no unless sold that way
59
should you change the site of injection
yes for consistent results not all same rate of absorption
60
what format of injection more used now
insulin pens and pumps
61
major adverse event of insulin injection
hypoglycemia
62
if hypoglycemia occurs
need immediate dose of sugar
63
if unconscious
need to go to hospital for a glucagon injection or parenteral glucose
64
other complications of insulin
weight gain allergy to medecin lipohypertrophy
65
drug treatment for type 2
insulin scretagogues biguanides insulin sensitizers a glucosidase inhibitors insulin
66
insulin secretagogues
sulfonylureas (slower) and non sulfonylureas cause pancreas to secrete more insulin
67
biguanides
reduces release of glucose from the liver
68
insulin sensitizers
make tissues more able to use glucose doesn't cause hypoglycemia
69
a-glucosidase inhibitors
prandase may contribute to hypoglycemia, dextrose tablets would be required
70
insulin (type 2 tx)
used if needed with pills to help reach blood glucose goals
71
treatment approach before medication
exercise lower blood glucose levels lower BP healthy diet that reduces bad cholesterol (LDL) (try 3 months)
72
diabetes can get worse overtime
not pt at fault

Pharmacology final (2 decks)

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