Diabetes Flashcards
What prevents BG from becoming too high
insulin
Glycemic Goal of treatment
HbA1C of less than 7%
HbA1C normal level
<5.7
HbA1C prediabetic
5.7-6.4
HbA1C type 2 diabetes
> 6.5
Fasting BG goal is
70-130 mg/dL
Trigger for insulin secretion
Hyperglycemia; restores normal BG levels by moving BG into cells
Glucagon is used to treat
HYPOglycemia; raised blood levels to normal
Glucose does what vs insulin
raises the sugar
Insulin: levels out the sugar
Type 1;
beta cells no longer make or secrete insulin
Type 1 requires
external source of insulin
Ketoacids–
fruity breath; deep breathing; kussmaul’s
Type 2 biggest risk factors
obesity; sedentary lifestyle
Type 2 related to insulin
it doesn’t bind as tightly to receptors; still making it not not full use of insulin
Insulin therapy (type 1) goals:
maintain normal BG levels
To avoid ketoacidosis
To prevent/delay BV changes
Insulin can cause a decrease in
K; watch out for hypokalemia
When administering insulin IV; ensure
50mL of solution first prior to giving insulin
What has hypoglycemic effects with concurrent use?
Sulfas
Meglitinides
Beta blockers
Alcohol
Thiazide diuretics & glucocorticoids can raise
Blood glucose; adjust insulin dose accordingly
Abrupt onset of hypoglycemia includes:
Sympathetic: Tachycardia Palpitations Diaphoresis Shakiness
gradual onset of hypoglycemia includes:
Parasympathetic: Headache Tremors Weakness Lethargy Disorientation
Rapid acting insulin acts as body’s
natural rapid insulin output after eating a meal
Only insulin allowed via IV
Regular
Criteria for diagnosis diabetes
Fasting glucose greater than 126 mg/dL or A1C greater than 6.5%; no caloric intake for 8 hrs
Long term consequences of type 1 & 2
Myocardial infarction Stroke Peripheral vascular disease Partial or complete blindness Kidney damage
Another criteria for diagnosis of diabetes
“casual” glucose of 200 mg/dL or more with symptoms of diabetes
Etiology of type 1
autoimmune destruction of beta cells in pancreas
DKA can lead to
coma/death
DKA produces
ketones; no insulin is present & breakdown of the ketones (fatty parts in cells)
What should be given alone
Regular insulin (U-500) Glargine
Insulin normally facilitates the
removal of glucose from blood & stores as glycogen in liver
Meal plans
low fat diet
160-300g of carbs
