Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

N182 Chronic Health Problems in Elderly > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

glycogenolysis

A

conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

when does glycogenolysis occur?

A

during periods of fasting/low BGL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

conversion of a non-carb source like protein to glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where does gluconeogenesis occur

A

liver

kidneys

intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ketogenesis

A

break down of fatty acids for energy

produces ketones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

when can ketogenesis occur

A

low BGL

low insulin levels

sometimes during hyperglycemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

proinsulin

A

has extra peptide chain that when removed becomes active insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

6 actions of insulin

A
  1. helps glucose get into cells by attaching to insulin receptors
  2. promotes glycogenesis
  3. inhibits glycogenolysis
  4. inhibits ketogenesis
  5. inhibits gluconeogenesis
  6. stimulates enzymes needed for energy production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

glycogenesis

A

conversion of glucose to glycogen to store it in the liver and skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

4 actions of glucagon

A
  1. promotes glycogenolysis
  2. promotes gluconeogenesis
  3. inhibits glycogenesis
  4. inhibits glycolysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

2 types of incretins

A

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where and when is GLP-1 secreted?

A

intestines in the presence of nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

actions of GLP-1

A
  1. increases insulin secretion in amount that depends on how much glucose is in the body
  2. decreases glucagon secretion
  3. inhibits acid secretion in the stomach and slows gastric emptying time
  4. promotes insulin sensitivity in the periphery
  5. increases satiety
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

4 hormones that decrease blood glucose levels

A

GLP-1

GIP

Amylin

Insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

3 hormones that increase BGL

A

DPP4

SGLT2

Glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where is GIP synthesized

A

duodenum and jejunum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

action of GIP

A

stimulates insulin secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

where is amylin secreted?

A

beta cells in pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

3 actions of amylin

A
  1. suppresses post-prandial glucagon secretion
  2. delays gastric emptying
  3. increases satiety
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

main outcome of amylin

A

decrease in post-prandial BGL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

DPP4

action

A

dipeptidylpeptidase 4

breaksdown incretins (elevates BGL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

SGLT2

A

sodium-glucose cotransporter 2

resorbs most glucose by the kidneys (elevates BGL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

2 things that happen when glucose is available but unusable and cells are starved

A

glycogenolysis in the liver

gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

osmotic diuresis

A

large amounts of glucose reaches the kidneys

glucose pulls water with it → extreme water loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what quality of glucose causes polyuria

A

it is hyperosmolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how does the renal system attempt to correct acidosis?

A

sodium bicarbonate neutralizes ketones so body can excrete them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

why won’t the renal attempt to correct acidosis work?

A

sodium bicarbonate levels are too low because of osmotic diuresis which causes the loss of sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

When the renal attempt to correct acidosis doesn’t work, how does the pulmonary system attempt?

A

the increase in H+ and CO2 in the blood stimulates kussmaul respirations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

kussmaul respirations

A

deep and rapid respirations

acetone is exhaled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Normal fasting blood glucose (FBG)

A

70-99 mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Impaired FBG (Pre-diabetes)

A

100-125 mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Diabetic FBG

A

+126 mg/dl on more than one occasion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Normal glucose tolerance after 2 hour OGTT

A

less than 140 mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

impaired glucose tolerance after 2 hour OGTT (prediabetes)

A

140-199 mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

diabetic glucose tolerance after 2 hour OGTT

A

over 200 mg/dl on more than 1 testing occasion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Diagnostic criteria for metabilic syndrome

A

3 of the following:

  • abdominal obesity
  • inc. triglycerides
  • low HDL cholesterol
  • inc. BP or on antihypertensive meds
  • inc. FBG or on hypoglycemic meds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What qualifies as abdominal obesity in the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome?

A

Male > 40 in.

Female > 35 in.

(non asian)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What qualifies as high triglycerides in the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome?

A

> 150 mg/dl or on meds for high triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What qualifies as low HDL cholesterol in the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome?

A

M < 40 mg/dl

F < 50 mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What qualifies as high BP in the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome?

A

> 130/85 mmHg

or on antihypertensive medications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What qualifies as high FBG in the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome?

A

> 100 mg/dl

or on hypoglycemic medications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

3 features for risk factr screening of metabolic syndrome

A
  1. obesity
  2. hypertension
  3. insulin resistance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Overweight BMI

A

25 - 29.9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Obese BMI

A

greater than/equal to 30

45
Q

4 symptoms of insulin resistance

A

acanthosis nigricans

fatigue

drowsiness after meals

dyslipidemia

46
Q

acanthosis nigricans

A

patchy brown pigmentation of skin around neck and axilla

47
Q

arcus cornealis

A

thin gray-white arc at the edge of the cornea

48
Q

xanthelasma

A

yellowish raised skin plaques found along the nose near the eyelids

49
Q

4 criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus

A
  1. hallmark symptoms of diabetes PLUS casual blood glucose over 200 mg/dl
  2. increased fasting plasma glucose
  3. increased 2 hour plasma glucose during OGTT
  4. A1C > 6.5%
50
Q

example of a serum autoimmune marker that can be detected and used for early detection

A

islet cell auto-antibody

51
Q

how does the autoimmune feature of Type I work?

A

immune system destroys beta cells

52
Q

onset in children compared to adults

A

rapid beta cell destruction

more gradual in adults

53
Q

how to diagnose children with Type I

A

high random BGL with the hallmark symptoms

54
Q

Many adults are misdiagnosed with Type II

When should the diagnosis be reconsidered?

A

they have persistant hyperglycemia with non-insulin medications

they have a first degree relative with Type I

have 2+ autoantibodies

55
Q

how much does the level of risk for developing Type I increase when you have a first generation relative with it?

56
Q

who has the highest risk for Type I diabetes?

A

patients with 2 or more autoantibodies

57
Q

Stage I

Type I DM

A

asymptomatic

glucose levels normal despite autoantibodies

58
Q

Stage II

Type I DM

A

asymptomatic

slight increase in BGL but less than diagnostic criteria

59
Q

Stage III

Type I

A

symptomatic

meets general diagnostic criteria

60
Q

idiopathic Type I diabetes

A

periods of no insulin production without evidence of autoimmunity

strong inheritance

61
Q

Which ethnic groups have the highest incidence of ideopathic Type I?

A

African and Asian

62
Q

What makes treatment difficult for Ideopathic Type I?

A

intermittance of insulin production

63
Q

percentage of people with diabetes who have Type II?

64
Q

2 main characteristics of Type II diabetes

A

insulin resistance

increased hepatic glucose production

65
Q

percentage of people with Type II who are obese

66
Q

3 processes that hinder the effective use of insulin (Type II)

A
  1. beta cell dysfunction
  2. insulin receptor defects (less sensitive/decrease in number)
  3. increased hepatic glucose production
67
Q

define insulin resistance

A

an increase of plasma insulin has less of an effect in lowering plasma glucose than it does in the normal population

(glucose can not enter cell)

68
Q

what happens to insulin levels in a case of insulin resistance?

A

at first beta cells try to compensate by increasing beta cell production

eventually insulin secretions decrease

69
Q

describe glucose levels in someone with insulin resistance

A

higher glucose levels after meals

prolonged periods of high glucose

70
Q

what are people with insulin resistance at risk for?

A

developing type II

complications like heart disease

71
Q

who is likely to develop insulin resistance?

A

excess weight and inactivity

72
Q

not a distinct disease but indicates increased risk for diabetes and peripheral vascular disease

A

prediabetes

73
Q

prediabetes

A

condition where BGL is elevated but not high enough for a diagnosis

74
Q

3 criteria for prediabetes

A
  1. impaired fasting glucose (IFG)
  2. impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)
  3. A1C 5.7-6.4%
75
Q

combination of insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction

A

prediabetes

76
Q

what percentage of people with prediabetes will develop to Type II?

77
Q

2 types of complications related to unregulated BGL

A

microvascular problems

macrovascular problems

78
Q

3 types of microvascular problems

A

neuropathy

nephropathy

retinopathy

79
Q

7 risk factors for developing prediabetes

A
  1. family history
  2. first degree relative with Type II
  3. native american, african american, latino, asian, pacific-highlanders
  4. age
  5. obesity and inactivity
  6. hypertension
  7. lipid problems
80
Q

4 ways to prevent prediabetes

A
  1. lifestyle changes that target obesity
  2. activity
  3. eating
  4. smoking cessation
81
Q

activity recommendations for children

(prevention)

A

60 minutes of moderate to intense activity daily

82
Q

activity recommendations for ages 18-64

(prevention)

A

150 minutes of moderate activity weekly

or

75 minutes of vigorous activity weekly

83
Q

activity recommendations for ages 64+

(prevention)

A

same criteria for ages 18-64

plus incorporate balance and muscle strengthening activities

84
Q

2 other names for metabolic syndrome

A

insulin resistance syndrome

syndrome X

85
Q

collection of risk factors that may affect development of Type II or cardiovascular problems

A

metabolic syndrome

86
Q

4 typical abnormalities of metabolic syndrome

A
  1. hyperinsulinemia
  2. dyslipidemia
  3. central obesity
  4. hypertension
87
Q

3 things that may cause dyslipidemia

A
  1. hypertriglyceridemia
  2. decrease HDL cholesterol
  3. reduction in size and density of LDL cholesterols
88
Q

what causes hypertriglyceridemia

A

insulin causes conversion of glucose to triglycerides

89
Q

what causes decreased HDL cholesterol

A

increased insulin

90
Q

what may cause central obesity?

A

increased insulin causes increased fatty acids which increases adipose tissue in the stomach

91
Q

how can increase insulin cause hypertension?

A

it causes sodium retention

92
Q

risk factor screening for asymptomatic adults for diabetes

(11)

A

BMI greater or equal to 25 (23 for asian) and 1 of the following:

  1. A1C > 5.7%
  2. IGT or IFG
  3. Inactivity
  4. First degree relative
  5. High risk ethnic group
  6. Previous diagnosis of gestational diabetes
  7. PCOS
  8. CV disease
  9. BP > 140/90 (or treated for hypertension)
  10. low HDL (less than 35) or high triglycerides (+250)
  11. over age 45
93
Q

risk factor screening for asymptomatic teens

(BMI)

A

BMI > 85% for age and gender, greater than 85% for height and weight, or weight is 125% of ideal for their height plus 2 of the other factors

94
Q

risk factor screening for asymptomatic teens for type II

(other factors)

A

2 of following

  1. first/second degree relative with Type II
  2. high risk ethnic group
  3. signs of insulin resistance
  4. mother had gestational diabetes
95
Q

when should teens with risk factors be screened for type II diabetes

A

age 10 or at the onset of puberty at any age under 10

96
Q

why should you ask about family history of endocrine disorders during the history assessment?

A

correlation between autoimmune thyroid disease and type I

97
Q

main assessment topics

A
  1. history
  2. hydration
  3. medications
  4. eating habits
  5. exercise
  6. hallmark symptoms
  7. other medical issues that could be complications of diabetes
98
Q

normal casual blood glucose (before meals)

A

80 - 120 mg/dl

99
Q

normal blood glucose at bed time

A

100-140 mg/dl

100
Q

what is preferred way of testing BGL

blood glucose test or OGTT

A

blood glucose

101
Q

what do serum creatinine and BUN indicate?

A

renal problems

not truly diagnostic for diabetes

102
Q

glycosylation

A

glucose attaches to hemoglobin protein

103
Q

how does A1C test work?

A

when glucose levels are elevated over long period of time glucose saturation will be high

104
Q

how many months back will A1C test

A

2-3 months

105
Q

A1C results for non-diabetic

106
Q

A1C results for a controlled diabetic

A

less than 7%

107
Q

why isn’t urine glucose as effective as blood glucose?

A

the renal threshold for the point where kidneys spill excess glucose into nephrons varies from person to person

(threshold may be 220 mg so will not detect BGL of 190)

108
Q

what does urine albumin measure

A

microvascular issues in kidneys

(not diagnostic for diabetes)

N182 Chronic Health Problems in Elderly (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions