Diabetes Flashcards
micro and macro complications of diabetes
micro = eyes, kidneys, nerves
macro = PVD, coronary artery disease, stroke
also neuro somewhere
what is type 1 diabetes
autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta islet cells leading to absolute insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia, requires insulin
what is the natural history of type 2 diabetes
initially beta cell functino increases with insulin resistance to maintain blood glucose but then they wear out and beta cell function worsens, and there is resistance to insulin so glycemic control doesnt work
what fasting plasma glucose is diagnostic of diabetes
7
what HbA1c is diagnostic of diabetes
> 6.5%
what random blood glucose is diagnostic of diabetes
11
what does c peptide indicate
endogenous insulin production levels
what is risk of microvascular complications related to?
glycemic control
BP control
lipids and smoking
recommended cholesterol level for t2dm
less than 4
type 2 diabetes management
diet exercise weight loss oral anti-diabetic agents glucose monitoring surveillance for complications
benefits and disadvantages of exercise in diabetes management
increases glucose uptake and in longer term BGLs decrease
but hypoglycemia can occur up to 24 hours after
and during exercise stress hormones can lead to short term glucose increase
but still best to exercise consistently and regularly
what does HbA1c measure
glycemic control by measuring amount of non-enzymatic glycation of hemoglobin
intensive glycaemic control mainly benefits what complications
microvascular
first line therapy in t2dm? mechanism?
metformin
inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis
3 stages of diabetic retinopathy
non-proliferative
pre-proliferative
proliferative
