Diabetes Flashcards
What percentage of UK adults have diabetes?
4.9 percent
What percentage of DM cases are type 2?
85 to 95 percent
Is type 1 DM acute onset?
yes
What can be said about the onset of type 2 DM?
Subacute and insidious
What is the name given to the type of symptoms of T2DM?
Osmotic
Which infections are more common amongst DM patients?
Staph aureus
Oral and genital candidiasis
What macrovascular complications can occur in DM?
Stroke
Myocardial infarction
What eye change is commonly seen on retinoscopy with DM?
Diabetic retinopathy
What is the gold standard test for DM?
OGTT
What is the normal value for HbA1c?
Less than 42mmol/l
What is the target HbA1c for DM patients?
Less than 53mmol/l
How can a diagnosis of DM be definitively made?
- Two abnormal blood tests
- One abnormal blood results with symptoms
- One abnormal OGTT
What is the aetiology of T1DM?
Autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas leading to dysfunction
Which antibodies are positive in T1DM?
ICA and GAD
What is idiopathic T1DM?
no antibodies present
What are the features of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults?
- Diagnosed in adulthood
- Usually non-acute (can be often misdiagnosed as T2DM)
- Give insulin soon after diagnosis
- GAD and ICA antibody positive
What is the peak age of onset for T1DM?
5 to 7 years
Which pathogens are linked to the causation of T1DM?
Cocksackie
Parvovirus
Which environmental factors influence T1DM?
Puberty
European
Season
? Cows milk protein
Which genes increase the susceptibility of T1DM?
HLA genes on 6q-HLA DR3/DR4 (high risk)
Genes on chromosomes 2q, 15q, 11q
Which lymphocytes attack beta cells in T1DM?
T lymphocytes
What percentage of beta cells are destroyed before symptoms develop?
90 percent
What is the pathogenic sequence of T1DM?
genetic susceptibility > environmental insult > insulitis > immune attack of beta cells
How often should a diabetic review take place?
Every 2 years