Diabetes Flashcards
What does the Glut4 transporter do?
It is on the plasma membrane and transports glucose into the cell so we can make ATP and store glycogen
Glucose coming into the cell helps lead to protein synthesis
Insulin is good for ____kalemia
HYPER
Insulin makes the cell suck up glucose, then it has more ATP to run NaK pump, more K comes into the cell
Effects of insulin on: appetite, glucagon, glucose uptake by muscle/fat, glycolysis, glycogen synthesis, fat synthesis, amino acid uptake, protein synthesis
Dec appetite, dec glucagon
Inc glucose uptake, glycolysis, glycogen synthesis, fat synthesis
Inc amino acid uptake, protein synthesis
Effects of lack of insulin (mediated by glucagon) on: appetite, glucagon, glucose uptake by muscle/fat, BG, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, protein breakdown, glycogenolysis, ketone body production, protein synthesis
Inc appetite, glucagon Dec glucose uptake by muscle/fat Inc BG Inc gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, protein breakdown, glycogenolysis, ketone body production (ketoacidosis) Dec protein synthesis
Pancreas releases ___ when stimulated by high BG
Pancreas releases ____ when stimulated by low BG
Insulin when BG is high
Glucagon when BG is low (signals the liver to do gluconeogenesis)
They have an effect on the liver, fat, and muscle
What functions does the pancreas have?
Digestive, endocrine, and exocrine functions
In the pancreatic islet of Langerhans, alpha cells produce ____, and beta cells produce ____
Alpha cells produce glucagon (inhibited by insulin, not affected by glucose)
Beta cells produce insulin (stimulated by glucose)
In a normal person, when BG is high, they have ___ insulin and ____ glucagon (high/low)
In DM type 1, when BG is high, they have ___ insulin and ___ glucagon
Normal insulin high, glucagon is low
DM1 insulin low, glucagon high
Glucose uptake by the ___ transporter leads to cell depolarization, calcium influx, exocytotic release of insulin from the beta cell. How does it do this??
GLUT2
Glucose comes in, generates lots of ATP, an ATP-ligand-gated K channel closes so K is stuck in the cell, depolarizing the cell, leading Ca to come in, letting the cell do what it does best, release insulin
After fasting for 12 hours what happens to your level of… Insulin? BG? Glucagon? Liver glycogen? Free fatty acids? Blood ketone bodies?
Insulin and BG go down
Glucagon goes up
Free fatty acids and blood ketone bodies up
Liver glycogen down
What is maturity-onset diabetes of youth (MODY) and what is the best treatment?
Genetic defect in insulin production/release
Looks like DM type 1, often misdiagnosed and they get treated with insulin, but the better treatment is oral agents given in type 2 DM
What endocrine disorders can cause DM?
Cushings, acromegaly, pheochromocytoma
Why does someone get type 1 DM?
Type IV hypersensitivity disease in which the immune system kills pancreatic beta cells
Effects males and females equally, symptoms show up around puberty
Why does someone get type 2 DM?
Fat and muscle cells fill up and can’t take anymore glucose, insulin amount doesn’t matter in this case
When beta cells are full of glucose it is damaging (glucotoxicity) and insulin production goes down, the progression takes over 10 years
Does type 1 or 2 have ketoacidosis? HLA-D linked? Insulitis in islet cells?
Type 1 has ketoacidosis, is HLA-D linked, and has insulitis
Gestational diabetes is most likely caused by what?
Chorionic somatomammotropin
Presents during pregnancy, resolves after birth, increased risk of type 2 DM and subsequent gestational DM.
Clinical diagnosis of DM: fasting glucose level of over _____ (normal is 100) or plasma glucose over _____ after 2 hours of a OGTT (oral glucose tolerance test)
Fasting over 126
Or over 200 after 2 hours of OGTT
Clinical diagnosis of gestational DM: fasting blood glucose over _____, 1-hour of ___, 2-hour of ____, 3-hour of _____
Fasting of 95 1 hour of 180 2 hour of 155 3 hour of 140 Glucose levels are lower in pregnancy