Diabetes-2 (1)

Question 1

What are incretins?

Answer 1

Hormones that mediate communication between gut and brain

Incretins include GLP-1 and GIP, which play roles in insulin secretion and appetite regulation.

Question 2

List examples of incretins.

Answer 2

• Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
• Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

Question 3

What are the two types of incretin-based therapies?

Answer 3

• GLP-1 agonists
• Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors

Question 4

What is the prototype GLP-1 agonist?

Answer 4

Liraglutide

Question 5

What potential benefit does liraglutide have beyond diabetes management?

Answer 5

May reduce risk of cardiovascular disease

Question 6

What is the prototype DPP-4 inhibitor?

Answer 6

Sitagliptin

Question 7

List other examples of DPP-4 inhibitors.

Answer 7

• Saxagliptin
• Linagliptin
• Alogliptin

Question 8

Describe the mechanism of incretins in insulin release.

Answer 8

Incretins augment glucose-stimulated insulin release

Question 9

How do incretins affect blood glucose levels?

Answer 9

They stimulate insulin release in a glucose-dependent manner

Question 10

What is the administration method for DPP-4 inhibitors?

Answer 10

Orally

Question 11

How were GLP-1 agonists traditionally administered?

Answer 11

Subcutaneous injection

Question 12

What recent change occurred in the administration of GLP-1 agonists?

Answer 12

Approval of an oral form of semaglutide

Question 13

What is SNAC in the context of oral peptide delivery?

Answer 13

Sodium N-(80[2-hydroxybenzoyl] amino) caprylate, a permeation enhancer

Question 14

What are the gastrointestinal side effects of GLP-1 agonists?

Answer 14

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea (or constipation)

Question 15

True or False: DPP-4 inhibitors have more gastrointestinal side effects than GLP-1 agonists.

Answer 15

False

Question 16

What is a common side effect of DPP-4 inhibitors?

Answer 16

Upper respiratory tract or urinary tract infections

Question 17

What is the prototype thiazolidinedione (TZD)?

Answer 17

Pioglitazone

Question 18

What do PPAR-γ agonists regulate?

Answer 18

Genes related to glucose and lipid metabolism

Question 19

What is the primary action of thiazolidinediones?

Answer 19

Increase insulin sensitivity

Question 20

How do TZDs reduce hepatic glucose production?

Answer 20

By increasing sensitivity of cells to insulin

Question 21

List some side effects of thiazolidinediones.

Answer 21

• Cardiovascular issues
• Edema
• Weight gain
• Fractures in women

Question 22

What is the prototype alpha-glucosidase inhibitor?

Answer 22

Acarbose

Question 23

What is the mechanism of action of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?

Answer 23

Inhibit breakdown of carbohydrates, preventing absorption

Question 24

What are common side effects of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?

Answer 24

• Bloating
• Diarrhea
• Pain

Question 25

What is the mechanism of action of SGLT2 inhibitors?

Answer 25

Inhibit renal reabsorption of glucose

Question 26

What is the prototype SGLT2 inhibitor?

Answer 26

Empagliflozin

Question 27

List some effects of SGLT2 inhibitors.

Answer 27

* Reduce blood glucose * Induce weight loss * May reduce blood pressure

Question 28

What is a common side effect of SGLT2 inhibitors related to infections?

Answer 28

Increased risk of urinary tract infections

Question 29

What is the benefit of combination therapy in T2DM?

Answer 29

Can enhance effectiveness and mitigate side effects

Question 30

What combinations can be made with Metformin?

Answer 30

* Metformin + Insulin * Metformin + Sulfonylurea

Question 31

Combining GLP-1 agonists with insulin reduces the risk of _______.

Answer 31

Hypoglycemia