Diabetes

Question 1

What organ has both endocrine and exocrine cells ?

Answer 1

Pancreas

Question 2

What are the exocrine cells of the pancreas?

What do they do?

Answer 2

Acinar cells (exocrine) produce an enzyme-rich juice for digestion

Question 3

What do the alpha cells of the pancreas produce?

What is its function?

Answer 3

Glucagon

Counteracts the actions of insulin by stimulating hepatic glucose production and thereby increases blood glucose levels.

Question 4

What do the beta cells of the Pancreas produce ?

Answer 4

Produce Insulin

Decrease blood glucose levels

Question 5

What do the Delta Cells of the Pancreas produce ?

What is it important for ?

Answer 5

Somatostatin

Inhibits both glucagon and insulin.

Question 6

What do the PP cells of the pancreas do?

What is this important for ?

Answer 6

Produce pancreatic polypeptides

The primary role of PP is to modulate digestion of food by inhibition of gastric emptying as well as biliary secretion (2,3).

Question 7

What are the ENDOCRINE cells of the pancreas ?

Where are these located ?

Answer 7

• Alpha
• Beta
• Delta
• PP Cells
• Located in the pancreatic Islets of Langerhans

Question 8

What are the effects of insulin ?

Answer 8

Question 9

What are the effects of Glucagon ?

Answer 9

Question 10

What happens during hyperglycemia?

Answer 10

Question 11

What happens during hypoglycaemia ?

Answer 11

Question 12

Explain Type 1 DM

What antigens are involved?

Answer 12

• Autoimmune - the destruction of B cells results in a lack of insulin.

Question 13

What antigen can be detected years before symptoms/diagnosis of T1DM?

Answer 13

HLA antibody

Question 14

Explain T2DM

Answer 14

Question 15

What is the ideal Hba1c level when you have diabetes?

Answer 15

So what’s the ideal HbA1c level when you have diabetes? It’s 48mmol/mol (6.5%) or below. It’s different if you’ve been told you’re at risk of developing Type 2.

Question 16

What is Gestational diabetes?

Why does it happen?

Answer 16

Gestational diabetesis high blood sugar (glucose) that develops during pregnancy and usually disappears after giving birth.

Increased insulin resistance due to pregnancy hormones (Oestrogen, Progesterone, Placental Lactogen).
Hormones increase insulin resistance in the mother

Question 17

What is latent autoimmune diabetes (LAD)?

Answer 17

Question 18

What is Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)

Answer 18

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a type of monogenic diabetes first described as a mild and asymptomatic form of diabetes that was observed in non-obese children, adolescents, and young adults.

Question 19

What is alzheimers diabetes ?

Answer 19

Question 20

What is the expected HbA1c in
Normal
Pre diabetic
and diabetes ?

Answer 20

Question 21

What are incretins?

Answer 21

Incretins are peptide hormones produced in the intestine which are released on intake of food and they stimulate insulin release.

Question 22

Why do people with DM experience polyuria ?

Answer 22

↑ blood glucose causes osmosis and ↑ blood vol and pressure. Leads to ADH and ANP mediated secretion of NaCl and water

Question 23

Why do people with DM experience polydipsia ?

Answer 23

↑ blood glucose (osmolality) stimulates osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus, stimulates thirst.

Question 24

What are the two acute complications of DM ?

Answer 24

Acute

1-Diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA)

2-Diabetic nonketotic Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state(HHS)

Question 25

What is DKA ? Explain the process.

Answer 25

Question 26

What are the clinical features of DKA ?

Answer 26

Question 27

What is the pathogenesis of DKA ?

Answer 27

Question 28

What is hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state ?

Answer 28