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NUR 204 Comp Disease > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most common forms of diabetes?

A

Type 1
Type 2
Gestational diabetes

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2
Q

Diabetes is always chronic. T or F

A

False
Some cases are situational and can be reversed

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3
Q

What can cause hyperglycemia?

A

Genetic disorders
Pancreatic diseases
Endocrine disorders
Medications
Infections
Immune system disorders

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4
Q

How is diabetes diagnosed?

A

When the patient has the 3 P’s, unexplained weight loss and a random or glucose tolerance test blood sugar of 200+ or fasting blood test of 126+

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5
Q

What are the 3 P’s of diabetes?

A

The common signs and symptoms of diabetes:
Polydipsia
Polyuria
Polyphagia

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6
Q

What is polydipsia?

A

excessive thirst

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7
Q

What is polyuria?

A

excessive urination

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8
Q

What ais polyphagia?

A

excessive hunger

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of type 1 diabetes?

A

Beta cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas are destroyed. The body can no longer produce insulin

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10
Q

How is type 1 diabetes usually treated?

A

chronic insulin therapy through subcutaneous shots or IV pump.

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of type 2 diabetes?

A

The body becomes resistant to insulin or can’t produce enough insulin to meet body demands.
Some beta cells still have function, so some insulin is produced.

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12
Q

How is type 2 diabetes usually treated?

A

Regular exercise and diet modifications are non invasive ways to treat.
Some may take PO or subq meds or insulin

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13
Q

What are conditions or behaviors associated with type 2 diabetes?

A

Obesity
Inactivity
Genetics

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14
Q

When does gestational diabetes usually resolve?

A

Postpartum with weight loss

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15
Q

What are risk factors for gestational diabetes?

A

Obesity prior to pregnancy

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16
Q

How is gestational diabetes usually treated?

A

Diet modifications
Exercise
Sometimes subq insulin shots
Sometimes PO metformin and glyburide

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17
Q

What are s/s of hyperglycemia?

A

3 P’s of diabetes
Nausea
Fatigue
Blurred vision

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18
Q

What are s/s of hypOglycemia?

A

blood sugar < 70
Pallor
Tremors
Diaphoresis
Palpitations
Hunger
Visual disturbances
Weakness
Paresthesia
Confusion
Agitation
Coma
Death

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19
Q

What are the s/s diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

Ketones in urine
Increased RR
Fruity breath
Severe DKA blood sugar 300+

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20
Q

What are the s/s of hyperglycemic-hyperosmolar state?

A

Blood sugar > 600
Little to no ketosis
Significant dehydration

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21
Q

What type of diabetes more commonly gets HHS?

A

Type 2 diabetes

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22
Q

What are acute complications of diabetes?

A

hyper/hypoglycemia
DKA
HHS

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23
Q

What are macrovascular complications of diabetes?

A

CAD
CVA
PVD

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24
Q

What are microvascular complications of diabetes?

A

retinopathy
neuropathy
nephropathy

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25
Q

What are chronic complications of diabetes?

A

micro/macrovascular complications
infections

26
Q

What are pregnant clients with type 1 diabetes at risk for?

A

Infant mortality
Congenital anomalies

27
Q

What are pregnant clients with gestational diabetes at risk for?

A

big birthweight
hypoglycemia during pregnancy
hypertension associated disorders

28
Q

What will happen if hyperglycemia is untreated in pregnancy?

A

miscarriage
neonatal mortality

29
Q

What are the risk factors for diabetes?

A

Family hx of diabetes
African, Hispanic, Native, and Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are at higher risk
> 45 years old
pmhx of impaired fasting glucose / glucose tolerance
HTN 140/90 +
HDL < 35
Triglyceride 250+
pmhx of gestational diabetes
Deliver infant > 9 lbs

30
Q

What is glycosylated hemoglobin?

A

Shows the average glucose level of 2-3 months by measuring the glucose bound to hemoglobin.

31
Q

What is the life span of a red blood cell?

A

120 days

32
Q

What is the threshold for HbA1c to diagnose diabetes?

A

7% + for nonpregnant adults

33
Q

What are the types of insulin?

A

Rapid
Short-acting
Intermediate
Long-acting

34
Q

What are rapid insulins?

A

aspart
lispro
glulisine

35
Q

What are short-acting insulins?

A

humulin
actrapid
novolin

36
Q

Which insulins can be mixed?

A

intermediate (NPH) and short-acting (regular)

37
Q

What type of insulin can be given IV?

A

short-acting insulin

38
Q

What is considered hypoglycemia?

A

< 70

39
Q

How do you treat hypoglycemia?

A

15 g glucose, check blood sugar 15 min later

40
Q

What position should you put the patient in when giving glucagon injection?

A

On their side

41
Q

what is the Dawn phenomenon?

A

Normal blood sugar at night and increased blood sugar in the morning d/t increase cortisol in morning

42
Q

What is the Somogyi effect?

A

Decreased blood sugar during the night d/t large bolus of insulin before bedtime

43
Q

What causes Kussmaul’s respirations?

A

ketone production

44
Q

What is the first priority for DKA treatment?

A

IV hydration (NS)

45
Q

What is used after first-line DKA treatment?

A

Insulin pump THEN D5W

46
Q

When should we give D5W to patients with DKA?

A

When blood sugar is 200 or below

47
Q

What is first priority treatment for HHNS patients?

A

IV hydration

48
Q

What is used after first-line HHNS treatment?

A

electrolyte balance THEN insulin

49
Q

What is the cloudy insulin?

A

intermediate (NPH)

50
Q

What is the clear insulin?

A

regular Humulin

51
Q

How many units should you prime the insulin pen with?

A

1 unit

52
Q

Is fluid retained or lost in HHNS?

A

Lost

53
Q

Are electrolytes retained or lost in HHNS?

A

Lost

54
Q

What electrolytes are lost in HHNS?

A

Ca
Cl
Mg
Ph
K
Na

55
Q

What are older clients at risk for when on sulfonylureas?

A

hypoglycemia

56
Q

What is the S triangle?

A

Sickness, Steroids, and Stress can cause hyperglycemia

57
Q

What is the sick day rule?

A

GIVE insulin when a patient with diabetes is sick

58
Q

What are the classes of PO medications for diabetes?

A

biguanide
sulfonylureas

59
Q

What causes polyuria in DM?

A

High glucose causes body to retain water in blood (increased osmolality) and kidneys try to expel the water

60
Q

What are late signs of hypoglycemia?

A

shakiness, seizure, coma

NUR 204 Comp Disease (5 decks)

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