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PATH1000 > diabetes > Flashcards

diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

diabetes millitus

A

abnormally elevated plasma glucose concentration
sweet urine

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2
Q

what causes diabetes mellitus

A

inadequate insulin secretion, abnormal target cell responsiveness or both

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3
Q

gestational diabetes

A

during pregnancy

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4
Q

pre diabetes

A

impaired glucose metabolism or borderline diabetes
- glucose levels are higher then normal but not high enough to be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes
it can be reversed with healthy eating and increased activity

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5
Q

diabetes symptoms

A

polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
- tired
- frequent infections
- blurry vision
- wounds that won’t heal

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6
Q

polyuria

A

frequent urination due to excessive production or urine

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7
Q

polydipsia

A

frequent drinking due to excessive thirst

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8
Q

polyphagia

A

frequent eating due to excessive hunger

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9
Q

type 1 vs type 2 diabetes

A

type 1 - faster onest
- more dramatic
- autoimmune
- not linked to lifestyle
- doesnt produce insulin therefore need insulin injections
- cannot be reversed
type 2 - difficult to depict onset
- slowly occuring
- body becomes resistant to insulin and doesnt respond to it
- is linked to lifestyle factors
- can be reversed or slowed down

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10
Q

incretins

A

eg glucagon like peptide 1
- stimulates release of insulin
- suppress glucagon secretion

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11
Q

fed state insulin vs glucagon

A

insulin dominates

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12
Q

fasted state insulin vs glucagon

A

glucagon dominates

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13
Q

transport of glucose

A

glucose is hydrophilic
- cannot readily cross cell membranes
- need protein channels

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14
Q

glucose transporters

A

Glut 1 - Brain and kidney, uptake of glucose
glut 2 - liver, uptake and release of glucose
glut 3 - brain and kidney, uptake of glucose
glut 4 - heart, insulin stimulated glucose uptake

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15
Q

insulin secretion

A
  1. glucose enters and it phosphorylated
  2. glucose metabolism
  3. depolarisation of plasma membrane
  4. fusion and exocytosis of insulin
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16
Q

normal response to hyperglycaemia

A
  • glucose load (food)
  • increase blood glucose levels in the blood (hyperglycemia)
  • detected by pancreas
  • pancreas releases insulin
  • insulin binds to insulin receptors
  • glucose transporters are recruited to the surface of the cell to allow for glucose internalisation
  • glucose enters the cell
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17
Q

type 1 high blood glucose

A

increase ketone bodies
increase blood lipid

18
Q

type 2 high blood glucose

A

increase blood lipids
no change in ketone bodies

19
Q

sequence of events in diabetes

A
  • decrease in insulin
  • decrease uptake of glucose from bloodstream
  • decrease use of glucose by tissues
  • increase gluconeogenesis in liver
  • increase catabolism of fats
  • increase nitrogen wastes
  • hyperglycemias
  • increase excretion of glucose via kidneys
  • dehydration and glycosuria
  • ketosis
  • acidosis
  • coma
20
Q

glucose lowering medications

A
  • replenish insulin
  • increase incretin levels
  • slow intestinal digestion / absorption of carbohydrates
  • reduce glucose reabsorption
21
Q

diabetes insidious

A

tasteless

22
Q

main two types of diabetes mellitus

A

type 1 and 2
and also gestational

23
Q

glycogen-lysis in fed fasted and starved

A

fed - decreases
fasted - increases
starved - non left

24
Q

lipolysis in fed faster and starved

A

fed - decreases
fasted - increases
starved - increases

25
Q

gluconeogenesis in fed faster and starved

A

fed - decreases
fasted - increases
starved - increases

26
Q

lipogenesis in fed fasted and starved

A

fed - increases
fasted - decreases
starved - decreases

27
Q

ketogenesis in fed fasted and starved

A

fed - decreases
starved - increases

28
Q

insulin affect on glycogen-lysis

A

decreases

29
Q

insulin effect on lipolysis

A

decreases

30
Q

insulin effect on gluconeogenesis

A

decrease

31
Q

insulin effect on lipogenesis

A

increase

32
Q

insulin effect on ketogenesis

A

decrease

33
Q

glucagon affect on glycogen-lysis

A

increase

34
Q

glucagon effect on lipolysis

A

increase

35
Q

glucagon effect on gluconeogenesis

A

increase

36
Q

glucagon effect on lipogenesis

A

decrease

37
Q

glucagon effect on ketogenesis

A

increase

38
Q

high blood glucose and high insulin what type of diabetes is it

A

type 2 because in type 1 the pancreas no longer makes insulin

39
Q

hyperglycaemia, elevated blood levels of ketone bodies and very low insulin what type of diabetes is it

A

type 1
- cant make insulin without insulin glucose isn’t absorbed which then goes into the blood
- the body burns its own fat reserves to supply energy to compensate for the lack of insulin this release chemicals called ketone bodies.

40
Q

Why do fat and muscle cells breakdown in insulin deficiency?

A

the body burns its own fat reserves to supply energy to compensate for lack of insulin

41
Q
A

PATH1000 (8 decks)

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