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PATH1000 > ANS > Flashcards

ANS Flashcards

1
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A
  1. central nervous system
  2. peripheral nervous system
    3a. autonomic nervous system
    - visceral
    - sympathetic
    - parasympathetic
    3b. somatic nervous system
    - motor
    - sensory
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2
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A
  • nerves arise from thoracic and lumbar spinal cord
  • ganglia close to CNS
  • prepares body to cope with emergencies and intense muscular activity
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3
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • maintenance function, conserves and stores energy
  • nerves from brain
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4
Q

autonomic nervous systen function

A

maintain homeostasis
- operates via a 2 neuron system
1. preganglionic
2. post ganglionic

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5
Q

nerve conduction pathway

A
  1. resting state
  2. depolarisation phase
  3. repolarisation phase
  4. undershoot
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6
Q
  1. resting phase of nerve conduction
A
  • 70mV
    maintained by sodium potassium pump
    all channels closed
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7
Q
  1. depolarisation phase of nerve conduction
A

Na channels open
K channels close
at peak depolarisation Na channels inactivated

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8
Q
  1. repolarisation phase of nerve conduction
A

K channels open
All Na channels inactivated

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9
Q
  1. undershoot phase of nerve conduction
A

K channels remain open Na channels closed

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10
Q

neurotransmitter for parasympathetic nervous system

A

acetylcholine

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11
Q

neurotransmitter for sympathetic nervous system

A

noradrenaline

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12
Q

physiological roles of the ANS

A
  1. regulation of the heart
    - blood pressure, heart rate and contractility
  2. regulation of secretary glands
    - salivary, gastric, sweat and bronchiole
  3. regulation of smooth muscles
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13
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A
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14
Q

activation of sympathetic NS results in

A
  • fight or flight
  • elevated levels of adrenaline
  • dilation of pupils = far vision
  • bronchodilation
  • increased heart rate
  • raised blood pressure
  • elevated glucose levels
  • increased energy consumption
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15
Q

activation of parasympathetic NS results in

A
  • rest and digest
  • pupil constriction
  • reduction of heart rate
  • reduction of blood pressure
  • increased gut movement
  • increased absorption of nutrients
  • promotion of bladder and rectal emptying
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16
Q

receptors of the ANS

A

4 adrenergic receptors
- α1 – blood vessels, pupils, urinary bladder sphincter
– α2 ‐ pancreas
– β1 – heart
– β2 –bronchioles in lungs
2 cholinergic receptors
– Nicotinic – first synapse of both SNS and PNS
– Muscarinic – effector organ (heart, smooth muscle and gland)

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17
Q

mast cell activation during anaphylaxis

A
  • release mediators (histamine, arachidonic acid, prostaglandins, cytokines)
  • temporary constriction
  • then vasodilation decreasing blood pressure
  • contraction of smooth muscle cells in lung causing constriction of airways
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18
Q

signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis

A
  • difficulty breathing
  • gastrointestinal cramps
  • drop in blood pressure
  • itching
  • swelling
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19
Q

why is there difficulty breathing during anaphylaxis

A
  • bronchoconstriction
  • increase in mucus production
20
Q

why is there gastrointestinal cramps during anaphylaxis

A
  • increased intestinal contraction
  • vomiting
21
Q

why is there a drop in blood pressure during anaphylaxis

A
  • vasodilation
  • peripheral pooling = dizziness
  • decreased cardiac output
  • relative hypovolaemia (increased capacity in blood vessels)
22
Q

why use an epipen

A

contains adrenaline which activated the sympathetic nervous system

23
Q

parasympathetic stimulation on eye

A

pupil constriction and close visionM3M2
- increased lacrimal gland secretion (tears) M3M2
- stimulate contraction of the iris circular resulting in constriction M3M2
- stimulate contraction of ciliary muscles enables lens to focus of close objects

24
Q

sympathetic stimulation on eye

A

pupil dilation and allows far vision B2
- stimulate contraction of iris radial muscle = dilation A1
- beta receptor stimulation of ciliary body = increase production of aqueous humour B1B2

25
Q

glaucoma

A

increased intraocular pressure result of poor drainage of aqueous humour

26
Q

parasympathetic stimulation on heart

A

decreases heart rate and blood pressure
- decreased force
- decrease in conduction velocity
all M2>3

27
Q

sympathetic stimulation on heart

A

increase heart rate and blood pressure
increased force
all B1

28
Q

how is blood pressure measured

A

cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

29
Q

what is cardiac output

A

the volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle per unit of time

30
Q

what is peripheral resistance

A

resistance of the blood vessels to the flow of blood

31
Q

regulation of blood pressure

A
  1. sympathetic nervous system
    - arterioles
    - post capillary venules
    - heart
    - kidney
    2 renin-angiotensin aldosterone system
  2. baroreceptors
32
Q

sympathetic response to drop in bp

A
  1. alpha 1 stimulation in blood vessels = vasoconstriction
  2. beta 1 stimulation in heart = ^HR and contractibility = ^CO
  3. beta 1 stimulation in kidney release of renin = vasoconstriction and ^CO
    = BP rises
33
Q

renin - angiotensin - aldosterone response to drop in BP

A
  1. release of renin
  2. conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1
  3. conversation of A1 to A2
  4. a2 is powerful vasoconstrictor and stimulates released of aldosterone
  5. aldosterone causes salt retention =^ blood volume
    = BP rises
34
Q

baroreceptor response to drop in BP

A
  • baroreceptors located in aortic arch and carotid sinus pick up change in BP
35
Q

sympathetic stimulation on lungs

A
  • B2 results in bronchodilation
36
Q

parasympathetic stimulation on lungs

A
  • bronchoconstriction and increased mucus secretion M2 M3
37
Q

parasympathetic stimulation on Gi system

A

increased acid secretion M1
- increased motility M3
- increased saliva secretion M1

38
Q

sympathetic stimulation on Gi system

A

decrease in motility A1,2 B2
- decreased saliva secretion

39
Q

parasympathetic stimulation on kidney

A
  • increase in urination M3
40
Q

sympathetic stimulation on kidney

A
  • decrease in urination A1
  • vasoconstriction A1
  • renin secretion B1
41
Q

Which one of the following neurotransmitters is released by all post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibres?

A

acetylcholine

42
Q

what do postganglionic sympathetic fibers release

A

noradrenaline

43
Q

what does Ventolin do

A

promotes the stimulation of the beta 2 receptors which results in bronchodilation

44
Q

Which one of the following neurotransmitters is released by all pre-ganglionic parasympathetic and sympathetic fibres?

A

acetylcholine

45
Q

what does nor adrenaline stimulate

A

alpha and beta

46
Q

what does acetylcholine stimulate

A

muscarinic

PATH1000 (8 decks)

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