Diabetes Flashcards
what is diabetes insipidus
- polyuria & polydipsia leading to dehydration due to low ADH
what is SIADH
- opposite of DI
- oliguria, no polydipsia
what is DM
- error of glucose metabolism
what are symptoms of DI
- polyuria
- polydipsia
- polyphagia
what is the treatment for DM1
- diet
- insulin **
- exercise
what is the treatment for DM2
- diet**
- oral hypoglycemics
- exercise
what is the best diet modification for DM
- cal restriction
- then 6 small meals a day
what is the fnxn of insulin
- lowers BG
what are 4 types of insulin
- insulin R
- intermediate
- long acting
- rapid acting
what is the onset, peak, and duration of insulin R
- onset: 1 h
- peak: 2h
- duration: 4h
what is the onset, peak, and duration of NPH
- onset: 6 hr
- peak: 8-10h
- duration: 12h
what is a type of intermediate insulin
NPH
what is a type of rapid insulin
- humalog/lispro
what is the onset, peak, and duration of humalog/lispro
- onset: 15 min
- peak: 30 min
- duration: 3h
humalog/lispro is given when?
- with meals
what is a type of long acting insulin
- no peak
- duration: 12-24 hr
what is the one type of insulin that can be given IV
regular
what is key to do before giving insulin
- check the expiration date
what is the one thing that invalidates the manufacturer’s expirary date on insulin?
- opening it –> becomes 30 days after
what impact does exercise have on BG
- decreases it
what impact does illness & stress have on BG
- increases it
what is important for a person with DM to do when theyre sick
- still take insulin, even if not eating –> stress & illness increases BG
- drink water (r/o dehydration
- stay active (to decrease BG)
what are 3 complicati9ons of DM
- hypoglycemic shock
- DKA
- HHS
what can cause hypoglycemic shock
- not eating enough
- too much insulin
- too much exercise
what is a key danger associated with hypoglycemic shock
- permanent brain damage
what are S&S of hypoglyecmia
(think “ drunk in shock”, will show symptoms of drunkness and shock)
- staggering
- slurring speech
- impaired judgment
- decreased rxn time
- labile emotions
- decreased BP
- tachycardia
- tachypnea
- cold, pale, clammy skin
what is the treatment for hypoglycemic shock
- rapid metabolizing carbs (sugar) with a starch
- if unconscious: glucagon IM, IV D10 or D50
what is DKA
- ++ increased BG in DM1
what can cause DKA
- diet
- decreased insulin
- low exercise
- acute, viral, upper resp infection in the last 2 weeks
what are S&S of DKA
(think D.K.A)
Dehydration (and all the signs of dehydration: HA, thready pulse, increased temp, dry, hot, and flushed skin)
Ketones, Kussmaul, and increased K+
Acidosis, Acetone breath, Anorexia (d/t nausea)
what is treatment for DKA
- IV fluids
- regular insulin
what is hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
- ++ increased BG in DM2
HHS leads to..
- dehydration (no ketones)
(therefore answer like it’s dehydration for symptoms & treatment)
what is the treatment of HHS
- fluids
- rehydrate
long term complications of DM is due to..
- poor tissue perfusion
- peripheral neuropathy
what are examples of long term complciations of DM
- renal failure
- ulcers, gangrene
- heart disease
- brain disease
what is the best indicator of long-term BG control
- HA1C
what is normal HA1C
<6
what is abormal HA1C
> 8
