diabetes Flashcards
what is insulin in general?
the hormone that helps the body store energy in the form of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
what are the roles of insulin?
-Increases uptake, storage, and use of glucose by all tissues (skeletal muscle, adipose tissue)
-Promotes the conversion of excess liver glucose to fatty acids.
-Inhibits gluconeogenesis
-Inhibits the release of fatty acids into circulating blood.
-Increases fat storage in adipose cells.
-Increases protein synthesis.
-Decreases protein degradation and release of amino acids from muscle.
-Promotes active transport of amino acids into cells. by the brain or other nervous tissue.
what tissues are insulin not necessary for glucose uptake?
the brain or other nervous tissue
how does insulin lower blood glucose levels?
it promotes the uptake and use of it by most cells in the body
what is the most efficient way to store energy in the body?
fat, not carbohydrates
what is gluconeogenesis?
the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrates.
what are the “ingredients for gluconeogenesis?
fats and proteins – not dietary fats and proteins, but the body’s stored fats and proteins.
In order for gluconeogensis to occur, stored fats and proteins are degraded in order to make glucose.
what hormone is the antagonist, opposite effects of insulin?
glucagon
what does glucagon do?
increases blood glucose and promotes mobilization, rather than storage, of energy.
what are the effects of glucose?
1.-If a meal is skipped, blood glucose will fall below the normal postabsorptive level. This triggers release of glucagon from the pancreas.
2.-Glucagon induces the liver to break down glycogen to glucose.
3.-Liver cells release glucose into the blood, restoring post-absorptive levels.
4.-Without the signal from very low blood glucose levels, the pancreas stops secreting glucagon, and the cycle is complete.
what is type 1 diabetes characterized as?
the lack of insulin secretion and autoimmune destruction of the ß-cells in the Islets of Langerhans.
what is the cause of type 1 diabetes?
-The exact cause(s) of this disease remain unknown. ——there is a genetic component, and other potential causal factors including exposure to environmental proteins and viral infection.
-No specific virus has been identified, although it is thought that it could be a common virus that infects the gastrointestinal tract.
what factor is thought to contributes to the development of Type I DM?
A protein found in cow’s milk
what are the manifestations of type 1 DM?
-hyperglycemia
-polydispia (increased thirst)
-glycosuria
-polyuria
-weight loss
-fatigue
-polyphagia
-fruity breath
what are the treatments for type 1 DM?
-pumps, insulin injections
-low sugar and carb diet
-physical activity
what is the most common type of diabetes?
type 2
what is the most significant risk factor of type 2 DM?
obesity
-then genetics
what is type 2 DM?
where the pancreas produces insulin, but the insulin gradually loses it’s effectiveness “insulin resistance”.
what causes type 2 DM?
the loss or few receptor sites for glucose to uptake
early in type 2 DM a person will have what?
-hyperinsulinemia: the body makes more and more insulin
-Eventually, the pancreas becomes “exhausted” from the production of insulin and insulin production itself will decrease or cease.
what is metabolic syndrome?
a group of metabolic risk factors for type 2 DM, such as obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.
what are the manifestations of type 2 DM?
-hyperlipidema
-recurrent skin infections/prolonged wound healing
-parathesia (tingling in extremities)
-fatigue
-polyuria
-glucosuria
-polydispia
what are the treatments for type 2 DM?
-physical activity
-medications
-insulin
what are the medications prescribed for type 2 DM?
-metformin
-sulfonylureas
-glucagon-like-peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1-agonists)
-sodium glucose contransporters (SGLT-2)
what does metformin do?
increases the effectiveness of insulin receptors) and decreases absorption of glucose for the gastrointestinal tract.
what do sulfonylureas do?
increase insulin production by the beta cells and increase peripheral cell sensitivity to insulin.
what are GLP1-agonists?
GLP-1 agonists (Trulicity and Ozempic) work by stimulating the body to produce more insulin and slowing down the movement of food from the stomach into the small intestine, which helps to curb hunger and make patients feel full faster and longer.
-GLP-1 agonists are typically taken by injection and may cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
