alteration in pulmonary function Flashcards
what characterizes dyspnea on exertion?
SOB with activity
what characterizes orthopnea?
dyspnea when lying down
what characterizes nocturnal dyspnea?
awoken at night gasping for air
-must sit up or stand
what characterizes dyspnea?
uncomfortable breathing breathlessness
air hunger
SOB
increased work of breathing
chest tightness
what are the signs of pulmonary disease?
dyspnea
abnormal breathing patterns
cough and sputum
cyanosis
clubbing
pain
what does abnormal breathing aim to accomplish in adjustments of breathing?
to minimize work of respiratory muscles
what respiratory issue does Kassmaul respirations lead to?
hyperpnea
what do kassmaul respiration result in?
increased depth
slightly increased breathing rate
no end respiratory pause
labored breathing
what does hyperpnea lead to?
metabolic acidosis
what does a cough aim to do?
help clear the airway by explosive expiration
what is an acute cough?
resolves in 2-3 weeks
what is a chronic cough?
cough that lasts longer than 3 weeks
what characterizes abnormal sputum?
changes in amount, consistency, color, and odor
what is cyanosis?
bluish discoloration of skin and mucous membranes
what is central cyanosis caused by?
decreased arterial oxygenation
where is central cyanosis observed?
buccal mucous membranes, and lips
what causes peripheral cyanosis?
poor circulation
where is peripheral cyanosis observed?
in the nail beds
what is clubbing?
a bulbous enlargement at the end of a digit (finger)
what is the cause of clubbing?
exact cause unknown
chronic hypoxia
what is pleural pain?
most common pulmonary pain
sharp or stabbing pain that worsens with breathing
what is chest wall pain?
muscle and rib pain
(can be from airways)
what does hypoventilation lead to?
respiratory acidosis
what is alveolar ventilation?
how much oxygen gets to the alveoli
what are the causes of hypoventilation?
-airway obstruction
-chest wall restriction
-altered neurological control of breathing
how is alveolar ventilation affected in hypoventilation?
it will be reduced
How is alveolar ventilation affected in hyperventilation?
it will be increased
what does hyperventilation lead to?
respiratory alkalosis
