Diabetes Flashcards
what is diabetes
- it is an endocrine disorder of the pancreas r/t to the relative or absolute deficiency of endogenous insulin
- there is an impaired or no insulin release from beta cells in islets of Langerhans
what is insulin resistance?
defect in insulin receptors, made worse by obesity
what happens when someone has diabetes?
glucose is not transported from blood into muscle, adipose cells go to the brain as there are no insulin key
what is cellular starvation
breakdown of fats and proteins for energy, ketones are produced
what is type 1 diabetes?
-little or no endogenous insulin supply. 10% of people with diabetes
what are the risk factors for type 2 diabetes?
- heredity
- aging
- obesity
- sedentary lifestyle
- ethnicity
- hypertension
- gestational diabetes
- polycystic ovarian syndrome
- depression
- insulin resistance
what are the signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes?
polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria, weight loss, fatigue, blurring of vision
what are the signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetes?
the poly’s, blurring of vision, fatigue, parathesis, yeast infections, UTI
what is the target blood glucose range for individuals?
4-7 mmol/L
what is often the first line medication used for diabetes?
metaformin
what is important to remember about insulin administration?
-rotate sites, keep at room temp, unopened in fridge
describe the short-acting/regular insulin Humulin R
onset = 30 mins peak = 2-3 hours duration = 6.5 hours meal = bolus insulin basal = rest of the time
describe rapid acting insulin
-includes humalog, novarapid, glulisine, fiasp
-onset = 10-15 mins
peak=60-90 mins
duration = 3-5 hours
explain extended long-acting basal insulin
-lantus, insulin levemir, humulin N
- given once daily often at HS
-is clear, more consistent action and better absoprtion
onset = 90 mins
- there are no peaks as it is released into the blood stream at a consistant rate
what is hypoglycemia?
low blood sugar usually 4 mmol/L or less
-
what are the signs, symptoms and complications of hypoglycemia?
signs & symptoms = weakness, shakiness, pale, cool skin, tachycardia, nausea, hunger, headache, dizziness, lethargy
complications = seizures, loss of consciousness and death
how do you treat hypoglycemia?
it is always considered an emergency, if pt is conscious and can swallow give 15 gm of sugar (3 or 4 glucose tablets, 1tbsp of honey), treat with an additionaly 15 gm of carbs if needed
what are the possible chronic complications of diabetes?
neuropathy, retinopathy, kidney problems, microvascular problems and macrovascular problems
what are macrovascular complications?
large vessel disease.
- those with diabetes are 2-4 x more likely to experience heart failure
what is retinopathy?
it includes the eyes, nerves, and kidneys.
- damage to the blood vessels in the retina caused by chronic high blood glucose. the vessels are weak and leak fluid and bleed which can lead to hemorrhage and edema
what is neuropathy?
it include boths peripheral and autonomic
- loss of protective sensory ability, can lead to amputations
what are the symptoms of neuropathy?
describing neuropathic pain as burning, pins & needles, sharp and can’t locate or localize the pain
how can neuropathy be treated?
by elavil, gabapentin pregablic
how can retinopathy be treated?
by laser, vitrectomy and medications
