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DI > DI I Midterm > Flashcards

DI I Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Mid-sagittal plane

A

divides left and right

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2
Q

Mid-coronal plane

A

divides anterior and posterior

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3
Q

Horizontal (transverse) plane

A

divides superior and inferior

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4
Q

Axial view angles along which body axis?

A

Tube is angled along longitudinal axis

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5
Q

What is a tangential view?

A

beam passes through joint space

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6
Q

What is an oblique view?

A

body rotated - named for body plane that is closest to film (eg Right anterior oblique)

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7
Q

What is a lateral view?

A

beams enter side of patient (mediolateral or lateromedial)

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8
Q

List densities of body substances from least to greatest.

A 
Air
Fat
Water/muscle
Bone
(Metal)
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9
Q

What is attenuation?

Which body substance is attenuated most? Least?

A

Attenuation is scatter of light (lightness in a film)
Air is attenuated least
Bone (or metal) is attenuated most

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10
Q

How does pathology affect attenuation in the bone?

A 
Additive conditions (blastic) increase attenuation
Destructive conditions (lytic) decrease attenuation
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11
Q

How are attenuation and radiographic blackness related?

A

Radiographic blackness is the amount of blackness on the film - Attenuation is the amount of whiteness on the film.

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12
Q

What variable controls the amount of radiographic density (blackness)?

A

mAs (milliamps X seconds)

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13
Q

What is filtration of xrays?

A

Elimination of low energy, harmful, ‘soft’ photons - hardening the beam to improve quality

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14
Q

What happens to the image when mAs is doubled? And the patient?

A

Increasing mA or seconds (exposure time) will double blackness, as well as dosage of radiation to patient.

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15
Q

What is the benefit of increasing mA

A

Increased mA allows for faster exposure - less chance of motion blur

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16
Q

What is contrast?

A

Contrast is quality of image

High contrast is fewer shades of gray - low contrast is more shades of gray - LOW contrast = BETTER quality image

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17
Q

How is image contrast controlled?

A

kVp (kilovolt peak)

directly related to frequency and inversely related to wavelength

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18
Q

Does increased kVp yield higher or lower contrast?

A

Increased kVp yields higher contrast (less shades of gray)

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19
Q

Does increased kVp yield higher or lower patient exposure?

A

Increased kVp yields lower patient exposure

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20
Q

How is distance related to radiation dosage?

A

As distance is doubled, energy is spread over an area 4 times as great, so intensity (dosage) becomes 1/4 of original

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21
Q

What is scatter?

A

Increased grayness on the film (bad) caused by soft tissue (fat)

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22
Q

What is beam restriction?

A

Beam restriction reduces scatter and improves image quality while reducing patient exposure

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23
Q

What devices help restrict beam?

A

Aperture diaphragm, cones, cylinders, collimators

24
Q

What is a radiographic grid?

A

Grids absorb scatter radiation as it exits patient’s body - reduces radiation fog and improves contrast

25
Q

When should grids be used? Where are they placed?

A

Grids should be used with larger body parts and higher kVp

They are placed between patient and film

26
Q

Does using a grid require more or less radiation?

27
Q

What is shape distortion?

A

Elongation - when tube or film are improperly aligned

Foreshortening - when body part is improperly aligned with film

28
Q

How is shape distortion minimized?

A

By taking 2 images 90 degrees from one another

29
Q

What is size distortion?

A

Magnification - from increased object image-receptor distance (patient distant from film)

30
Q

How is size distortion minimized?

A

Increasing source image-receptor distance (moving patient closure to film)

31
Q

Are children more sensitive to radiation than adults?

A

YES - more rapidly dividing cells

32
Q

What are the most sensitive body cells to radiation?

A

Cells most rapidly divinding (bone marrow, gonadal, eye lense, GI tract)

33
Q

What cells are the least sensitive to radiation?

A

Muscle, nerves, chondrocytes

34
Q

What is a ROENTEGEN?

A

1 unit of radiation intensity in air (R)

35
Q

What is a RAD?

A

“radiation absorbed dose”

unit describing quantity of radiation received by patient

36
Q

What is a REM?

A

“radiation equivalent man”

unit describing quantity of radiation received by radiation worker

37
Q

What is the relationship of R to RAD to REM?

A

1 R = 1 RAD = 1 REM

38
Q

How many RAD make up 1 gray?

A

100 RAD = 1 gray

39
Q

How many REM (RAD) equal 1 mSv?

A

1 REM = 10 mSv or 1 Sv = 100 REM

40
Q

Which joint spaces are seen well on routine shoulder (internal/external rotation) views?

A 
proximal humerus
scapula
clavicle
AC joint
CC joint
41
Q

Which joint space is NOT seen well on a routine shoulder? What view is needed to visualize this joint?

A

Glenohumeral

Grashey view is needed (30* AP)

42
Q

When should a PA/lateral chest exam be ordered?

A

To visualize lung fields, heart, great vessels, ribs, and soft tissues

43
Q

What is the distance of a chest study?

A

72 inches away - decreases heart shadow magnification

44
Q

How many posterior ribs should be seen in chest exam?

A

10 (with inspiration)

45
Q

When should a thoracic spine exam be ordered?

A

Spine exam ordered when spine lesions are suspected (lung/ribs will be overexposed)

46
Q

When should rib exam be ordered?

A

To study ribs (fractures, etc) - oblique needed to see around rib angle and collimated to focus on ribs of concern

47
Q

Why include an upright chest study with a rib study?

A

To fully visualize ribs to find any underlying lung/soft tissue injury

48
Q

What are the differences between chest, thoracic spine, and rib exams?

A

They are all very different studies focusing on different anatomy and should be ordered separately according to need

49
Q

What is a scaphoid view? Which side of the wrist is the scaphoid on?

A

PA ulnar flexion

Thumb side

50
Q

What views should be ordered to image lumbar spine instability?

A

Flexion/extension - AP/PA and lateral

51
Q

What is a pars interarticularis fracture? What condition might it result in?

A

fracture of the scotty dog collar (between pedicle and lamina seen in oblique view)
may indicate spondylosis

52
Q

In addition to the routine 3-view which cervical spine views are indicated when radicular symptoms are noted?

A

In addition to AP, AP open mouth, and lateral views oblique view may be needed to visualize intervertebral foramina and osteophytes

53
Q

What is the best for for SI joint and lumbosacral area?

A

AP spot view (25-30 degrees)

54
Q

A common fracture sight in cases of inversion ankle sprain is the base of the 5th metatarsal. Which additional views demonstrate this area?

A

Minimum ankle series is AP dorsoplantar, med oblique, and lateral
fracture of 5th MT (danceres/Jones fracture) could require AP ankle or lateral ankle

55
Q

What study demonstrates pneumoperitoneum and/or bowel ubstruction?

A

acute abdomen - upright AP or PA chest looking for free air between right hemidiaphragm and liver (if pt is unable to stand then semi upright or left lateral decubitus)

56
Q

What study will be useful in determining whether a pt has a leg length inequality?

DI (4 decks)

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