DGH: 8-10 Flashcards
Autosome
chromosomes not involved in the determination of sex of an organism
sex chromosome
chromosome that determines the sex of an organism
phenotype
the characteristic that develops in an organism. Results from the inherited genes and for some genes also from environmental influences
genotype
the particular set of genes carried by an organism
homozygous/pure breeding
contains identical alleles for the same characteristic on each of the homologous chromosomes
heterozygous/hybrid
contains different alleles for the same characteristic on each of the homologous chromosomes
complete dominance
inheritance pattern in which the expression of one form of gene is masked when combined with its dominant allele
complete recessiveness
inheritance pattern in which the expression of one allele (recessive form) is masked when combined with the dominant allele
sex-linked (x-linked) conditions
these are traits, which are carried on the sex chromosomes
Test crosses
use a homozygous recessive individual to find the genotype of an individual that displays the dominant phenotype but is of unknown genotype
homologous chromosomes
a pair of chromosomes that have the same genes in the same position but are different versions of those genes
punnet square
used to help generate expected frequencies of genotype and phenotype of offspring
monohybrid crosses
occur when only a single pair of alleles is involved
hemizygous
name for male sex linked trait (recessive - XbY, dominant - XBY)
pedigree analysis
used to determine the most likely mode of inheritance of a particular trait or disease
independent events in a sequence
Multiply (A and B)
Mutually exclusive events
Add (A or B)
codominance
neither allele completely masks the other
multiple alleles
more than one allele for a trait
ploygenic traits
more than one gene controls a trait
DNA sequencing
determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases in a strand of DNA
Sanger sequencing (chain termination method)
traditional method using gel electrophoresis
terminators (ddNTP’s)
other versions of the nucleotide bases
Denaturing (PCR)
DNA heated to 94-95, to seperate double strand by breaking H bonds
Sanger Sequencing method
1 - denaturation, 2 - primer attachment and extension of bases, 3- termination, 4 - gel electrophoresis
Polymerase chain reaction
used to generate thousands to millions of copies of a particular section of DNA
ingredients of PCR
DNA template, primers, bases, Taq polymerase enzyme
PCR stages
1 - denaturing, 2 - annealing, 3 - extending
annealing (PCR)
DNA is cooled to 50-65, so H bonds can form for primers to attach
extending (PCR)
Heated to 72 to enable new DNA to be made by Taq polymerase
PCR applications
To identify variations, mutations, disorders, disease and to amplify DNA
restriction enzymes
involved in the cutting or fragmentation of DNA molecules. Cuts at a specific recognition site
recognition site
Specific location restriction enzymes cut, where a particular sequence of nucleotides is found
ligation
process used to reassemble fragments of DNA. Sticky and blunt ends are joined by DNA ligase
gel electrophoresis
technique commonly used to seperate charged molecules such as DNA, according to size
labels used in gel electrophoresis
dyes, fluorescent tags, radioactive labels
DNA fingerprinting
method used to identify an individual from a sample of DNA by looking at unique patterns in their DNA
DNA profiling is used to
identify disaster victims, reveal family relationships, identify probable origin of a bodily fluid
splicing
process by which DNA is cut and a gene from another organism is inserted
transgene
gene that is inserted into a foreign organism
transgenic
organism made during the genetic modification process
genetically modified organism
organisms whose genetic makeup has been altered in such a way that it would not occur naturally
vector
biomaterial that facilitates merging of new DNA with that of the host cells DNA
micromanipulation techniques
method to make a transgenic organism
genetic engineering
a technique of biotechnology where genetic material is manipulated to alter the characteristics of an organism
gene cloning
process which isolates a single gene so that multiple copies can be made
DNA identification technology in agriculture
parental lineage - best milk producing cows
DNA identification technology in environmental conservation
captive breeding - rare and endangered species
recombinant DNA technology in agriculture
genetically modified crops - bt cotton, golden rice
recombinant DNA technology in environmental conservation
bioremediation - use of organisms to break down toxic chemicals
regulatory genes
a gene that is involved in the production of a substance that controls or regulates the expression of one or more genes
DNA profiling
1 - DNA is extracted, 2 - PCR to make copies, 3 - primers for each STR are tagged, 4 - gel electrophoresis, 5 - laser exposes fragments to display output
