CB Flashcards
Kinetic Theory of matter
all matter is made up of very small particles (atoms and molecules) that are in constant motion, if you add energy to the molecules they will move faster with more energy
Brownian motion
Random movement of microscopic particles suspended in a liquid or gas, caused by collisions between these particles and molecules of the liquid or gas
Diffusion
Passive movement of a substance from an areas of high to low concentration of the substance
Passive transport
diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
tonicity
difference in concentration of solutes on both sides of cell membrane
Solution
solvent (does dissolving) + solute (is dissolved)
dissolving
occurs through dissociation where solutes dissolve in water molecules because each solute particle becomes surrounded by water molecules
osmosis
passive movement of free water molecules from an area of high to low number, through a selectively permeable membrane
facilitated diffusion
passive movement of a substance from an area of high to low concentration through membrane proteins
hypotonic solution
less solute concentration, more free water molecules
hyperonic
more solute concentration, less free water molecules
isotonic
both solutions have equal solute concentration
sodium potassium pump
movement of sodium and potassium in and out of cell membrane
bulk transport - endocytosis
cell membrane surrounds and engulfs the material and pinches off a vesicle into the cell. Phagocytosis - eating. Pinocytosis - drinking
bulk transport - exocytosis
vesicle inside cell containing wastes or cell products fuses with cell membrane, secreting contents out of cell
concentration gradient
high = faster diffusion. low = slower diffusion
nutrition
process by which organisms obtain substances they need to live and grow
organic nutrients
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid
charbohydrates
mono, di and poly saccharides (source, storage of energy)
Lipids (fats)
triglycerides made of a glycerol and 3 fatty acid monomers (padding, insulation, warmth)
proteins
amino acid monomers joined by peptide bonds (polypeptide chain)
nucleic acid
made from monomer subunits nucleotides (code for production of DNA)
nutrients
nutritional components in food that an organism utilises to survive and grow
essential nutrients
unable to be made internally, must be consumed
non-essential nutrients
nutrients that can be made by the body
mitochondria inner membrane
cristae
chloroplast third membrane
thylakoid discs in granum (plural grana)
collision theory
for an chemical reaction to occur, the reactants must collide with enough energy for chemical bonds to be broken and re-formed to make products
catalyst
substance that speeds up a chemical (metabolic) reaction
biological catalyst
enzyme
catabolic
breaks down larger more complex molecules
anabolic
synthesises more complex molecules
globular shapes
a folded enzyme
active site
where substance fits into enzyme
substrate
substance that fits into active site
enzyme action
when enzyme and substrate collide
enzyme substrate complex
structure of enzyme and substrate
properties of enzymes
proteins, biological catalysts, work in reverse direction, specific, can be re-used, can be denatured
activation energy
amount of energy needed for the reaction to go forward and get over its activation barrier
metabolic pathway
result of products being used as reactants of another reaction
Denatured
enzyme shape is disrupted, active site and substrate are no longer complimentary
limiting factor
when concentration is enough for all active sites to be used
inhibitor
molecules that interact with enzyme to prevent it from working in the normal manner
Cell requirements
Movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion and nutrition
energy
the capacity to do work or produce change
heterotrophs
(consumers) organisms that get their energy by consuming other organisms as food
autotrophs
(producers) organisms capable of making their own food
photosynthesis
a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms activities
cellular respiration
glucose in cells is turned into available energy using energy carrying molecule called ATP
Matter
Nutrients and gases required by living organisms
excretion
the removal of waste products of cellular metabolism
prokaryotic cells
‘pro’ - before, ‘karyo’ - nucleus
eukaryotic cells
‘eu’ - true, ‘karyo’ - nucleus
endosymbiotic theory
explains evolution of prokaryotic cells to eukaryotic cells
organelles
any number of organised structures within a living cell
cell membrane
controls exit/entry of materials to cell
nucleus
contains genetic information, controls overall functioning of cell
cytoplasm
all material in the cell between the nucleus and cell membrance
cytosol
liquid/gel portion of cytoplasm. cellular fluid with dissolved proteins, salts, sugars and other sources
endoplasmic reticulum
creation/storage of lipids/hormones (smooth) and the synthesis and packaging of proteins (rough)
golgi apparatus
modifying/sorting of proteins, transport lipids around cell
mitochondria
produces energy for metabolism
lysosome
digestion and waste
ribosome
makes proteins
vacuole
storage center
Fluid Mosaic model
describes the membrane structure of all cells. made of phospholipid bilayer. Fluid because all parts are floating and moving around in membrane. Mosaic because proteins are embedded in membrane
specialised cells
cells that have a particular structure and shape that help perform a specific function
light dependent process
a series of reactions occurring during photosynthesis that require light energy to be converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH
light independent process
a series of reactions occurring during photosynthesis in which glucose in made from carbon dioxide
light intensity
brightness of light
anaerobic respiration
the incomplete breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen. glycolysis to fermentation
aerobic respiration
the complete breakdown of glucose in presence of oxygen. Glycolysis to krebs cycle to electron transport chain
