DFC Flashcards
Canada’s fertility rate used to be ____ then the US but since the 1970’s it has switched
higher
2005 Canada average ____ children compared to _____ in US
US fertility rate decline coincided with________
1.5, 2
the largest economic recession
US and Canada fertility rate decline because of
higher women education economic recession age at marriage has increased abortion rate birth control
Why do Canadians live longer then Americans?
Infant mortality rate
levels of obesity
history of smoking culture
health care systems
Why immigrants to Canada and the US are different?
.Immigration rate higher in Canada
.20 % of Canada’s population was born abroad
.AFTER 1950’S shift to non-European
.Most immigrants to CAN from GBR .64% from Asian countries to CAN .79% chance of immigrant naturalization in CAN .Better educated .more love for immigrants
.Majority to US from Latin countries
. Now more focused to Asian
.not as much education
.less love for immigrants
____% of Canada’s population was born abroad
____% of US’
20 % of Canada’s population was born abroad
13
Canada ____ because of lower fertility rate and longer life expectancy
aging
Differences between Canada and the US for immigration ___ _____ make a significant economic difference
does not
____ dependency ration for Canada in the future in comparison to US
higher
Canadian aboriginal rights recognized in ___
1982
Aboriginals constitute ___% of total CAN pop in 2006
___% of total US population
- 8-Yukon,NWT,NUNAVUT
1. 7- Alaska
Aboriginals in Canada versus US
.Canadian aboriginals have greater population and therefore greater influence
.Canadian aboriginals most disadvantaged group whereas us aboriginals are not
.Canadian policy on Aboriginals was driven by the idea that First Nation and Metis governance wasn’t good enough while the US aboriginals governments were accepted and supported
Canadian Aboriginal Situation
.until 1830 no real policies other then cooperation
.after 1830 First nations and Metis when civilian authorities took control of indian affairs
.civilization and segregation became policy
.direct intrusion on internal affairs
.1868-1945 the Indian Act set policy direction that began in 2nd phase
.4th phase was post-war reaction against totalitarianism and recognition of human rights
.right to vote 1960
.5th from 1968-present new beginnings
.1982-83 change in constitution
Canadian and American policies based of off the ________ of ____
Royal Proclamation of 1763
US ABORIGINAL SITUATION
.historically recognized aboriginal rights and self government
.American Indian policy very regionalized, state-by-state
.1st 1776-1817 allies
.2nd 1817-1887 extended authority over aboriginals
.internal affairs protected but left first nations vulnerable to external affairs
3rd 1887-1934 taking of land, given citizenship(assimilation)
-trying to engage aboriginal culture with liberal individualism
4th 1934 reversed move away from self government
5th briefly interrupted process in 50-60’s
6th 1960’s rethinking of American policy
The constitution route
Canadian aboriginals have followed the governments guidance since the 1970s
.using the constitution as a vehicle to achieve their goals
There is no US constitutional process or talk of constitutional entrenchment of aboriginal rights or right to self government
-because changing constitution in US is very difficult, US doesn’t want to give up control, and constitution almost sacred to people in US
Section ___ of Canada act includes aboriginal treaty rights
35
Meech Lake Accord
proposed constitutional recognition of the special status of Quebec within Canada but overlooked recognition of the special status of the original peoples of Canada and definition of their rights
___ supreme court huge factor in the development in aboriginal rights while ____ courts is more of a factor lately as aboriginals have gained rights
US, CAN
COURTS in US versus Canada
US: need to fight cases on a case by case basis which means using all resources on litigation leaves untouched cases. Active in players in Indian policy
Can: Courts look to support but encourage political solutions
_______ is the endangered species of ideals-Ronald Dworkin
equality
Income inequality
.has increased in all OECD countries over last 25 years
.Great Divergence started in 1970s
____ _____ started in the 1970s where income inequality has steadily increased
great divergence
richest 10% earn ___times the income of lowest 10%
in us:___%
9.5%
16%
Causes of inequality
.income
.globalization
.technology advancements
.education
In Canada wealthiest tenth controls around ____ of the country’s wealth
half
Mobility
the concept social scientists use to signify this capacity to move between different tiers of socioeconomic well-being
Absolute Intragenerational mobility
refers to the movement in one’s overall economic position on the income scale
Absolute intergenerational mobility
indicates how adult children have done on the income scale when compared to their parents
Inequality very dependent on
.institutional practices
.values
.policy
Inequality Policy
.Constitution act 1982
- regional economic equalization
- employment equity
- family-friendly policies
- Welfare state
Canada is based on a system of ________ and ______ while the US is based on a __________ and __________.
responsible government and federalism
amalgam of federalism and separation of powers
The constitution is affectively ____ on the role of parties in congress
silent
Civil rights act signed in
1964
how many seats in house of commons?
338
In ____ the two party+ system in Canada was challenged by the inclusion of __ party’s in house of commons
1993, 5
is there a formal process in choosing a Canadian PM?
NO, one with most seats
polarization in congress
when members vote along party lines in chamber
Congress and Senate becoming less _____ and more _____ oriented
individualistic, party
Since ____ speakers of the House of commons have been selected through _______
All ____ other them cabinet ministers and party leaders are automatically considered
This empowers the ____ over the _____
1986
Secret Ballot
MP’s
legislative, executive
It is considered one of the only opportunities for individual MP’S to choose there preferred representative rather then it be a party decision.
____ seats in Canadian senate
105
Main job of the senate
to review bills that come from the house
Sentors are chosen by the ____ and appointed formally by the
PM, GG
Filibuster techniques
omnibus, byrd
counter the above
allows the opposition to delay the implementation of the governments agenda and to claim the media’s attention.
US standing committee’s
have traditionally been the basic unit of the house, and procedural changes affecting their central role draw notice. House committee’s traditionally worked in a bipartisan manner but have lately become much more partisan.
Omnibus legislation
complex issues from many committee’s are packaged together in one bill
Nucleur option
occurs when 3/5 majority cannot be reached to change senate rules on the majority required to end a debate, at which point the senate president can deem the matter at hand be decided by a simple majority.
Amendment marathons
a tactic to kill legislation in which at least 10 amendments are offered each requiring a roll call vote
The Canadian system versus US in ability to act
efficient decisive action because it locates significant political power in the prime minister and his or her office.
dispersing power among the branches of government makes action more difficult to take in the first instance.
Three factors structure US constitution
- independence
- notion of limited government
- capacity to act
Canadian Origins of PM and system
. Looked to avoid American system
Appointment of a President
They considered 2 choices for how to elect:
1. Popular election, 2. indirect election through congress
. disliked both because they worried rights of minorities would not be protected especially through wealth
.election through congress would tie the president to the legislature
.compromised on electoral college
.1st place would be PRES, 2nd would be VP
.Born of a fear of concentrated political power
President _____ first to be involved in party politics in US
Jackson
_____ and _____ only states to apportion votes to popular vote
Maine, Nebraska
Presidents select members of their cabinet and the _____ ratifies them
senate
Agencies are delegated the power to develop rules within the broad outlines of legislative principles, and the ______ can influence the character of regulations by issuing executive orders
president
Presidential power..
goes beyond what the constitution describes, it is circumstantial and dependent on events and personalities. Security crisis favor broad assertions of presidential power. Public opinion and courts both give the President broad latitude for foreign policy in general and military emergencies in particular.
2 Presidents:
Domestic policy president: power highly constrained
foreign policy/defence president: enjoys considerable power
PM power
.Exercises sweeping power
.limited checks on his power inside government
.Has a veto on constituency candidates
.PM has complete influence over party MP’s
.Appoints Senators and Supreme court justices
.Like President has outgrown the institutional limits of office, and now assumes the mantle of popular leader
Omnibus bill is the Canadian equivalent of ____
ear marks
How to constrain Presidential and PM power?
PRES=
.voting along party lines
.elections
impeachment
PM= .Responsible Gov, vote of confidence .Election .Proportional Representation .Fixing election dates .Senate Reform .Provincial Power(Premiers)
Canadian Images of the United States
The narrative that has been spelled out is that Canadians see the US in a negative light
- designed to avoid American style institutions
- despite what historical books say, other then New France(Quebec) the US and Canada are made up of the same kind of people
- war of 1812 was used by colonial forces to produce anti-American ideas
- History was written by the elites, most regular people did not share distain
- cultural and economic nationalism in the 60’s spurned on by need to be different then US
US image of Canada
.mostly indifference
.not marginally significant
.did not seem worth making an offer for in $
.changed mind when we fucked them up in 1812
.Canada viewed as a refuge for escaped slaves, freedom
.Seen as old world
.lacking vitality and individualism
.likeable
US versus Canadian environmental policy
US very painstaking long process
- One done is an enforceable statute that bind executive
- very public
- national
- outside stakeholders very involved
Can:
- internal
- provinces play key role
- outside interest less involved
- results in softer environmental framework
- allows for considerable executive discretion
Policy goals
refer to stated or expected ends of the course of action which a government is committed
Policy instruments
refer to the actual means or devices that governments have at their disposal to achieve policy goals
Environment Policy Outcomes
refer to the amount and concentration of pollutants released into air, water, or land by point or mobile sources.
In Canada environmental decisions are made by federal government
false, this is the case in US
Canada must negotiate with provincial governments
3 aspects of government intervention that is different in every country
- How much it intervenes and how much is appropriate
- what balance should government achieve in choosing among potentially competing objectives such as economic, social, and environmental progress
- which instrument of public policy should be used in achieving the targeted objectives
Instruments of policy include:
financial instruments
non-financial instruments:legislation
budget deficit
the gap between the level of spending and tax revenues
Why is government policy hard to compare between Canada and us?
- Different levels of government and where the responsibility lies
- Size of specific policy in comparison to other countries
- revenue and expenditure numbers are affected by how much outsourcing is done
- public versus private sector usage
- retirement funding
- would need a focus on debt with spending
A tax wedge
the gap between gross income and the income left over after paying taxes at the margin to get a clearer picture of the tax burden
Canada has ___ taxes while the US has __
4,5
____ is economic activity that affects future generations
deficit funding
Long versus short term economics challenges that make it hard to set budget
- Political-everyone want to remain in power
- Economic forecasts are awful
- Choosing between long or short term success
short term ____ versus long term ___
stabilization, goals
