deWit Chapter 25 Flashcards
Minerals or salts that are dissolved in body fluid
Electrolytes
The body has __ to ___ L of circulating blood volume, depending on body size and sex
4 to 6
within the cell
intracellular
outside of the cell
extracellular
removal of water from a tissue
dehydration
decreased volume of plasma
hypovolemia
Normal range of Sodium
135-145 mEq/L
Normal range of Potassium
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Normal range of Calcium
8.4-10.6 mg/dL
Normal range of Magnesium
1.3-2.1 mg/dL
Normal range of Phosphate
2.7-4.5 mg/dL
Normal range of Chloride
96-106 mEq/L
Normal range of Bicarbonate
22-26 mEq/L
The process by which substances move back and forth across the membrane until they are evenly distributed throughout the available space
Diffusion
Refers to the movement of pure solvent (liquid) across a membrane
Osmosis
of equal solute concentration
isotonic
of greater concentration
hypertonic
of less concentration
hypotonic
The movement of water and suspended substances outward through a semipermeable membrane
Filtration
pressure exerted by fluid
hydrostatic pressure
____ ______ may move substances from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration
Active transport
degree of elasticity
turgor
Signs of overhydration
weight gain, crackles in the lungs, slow bounding pulse, elevated blood pressure, and possibly edema
excessive blood volume
hypervolemia
an excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid
edema
In ambulatory patients the excessive fluid tends to accumulate where?
lower extremities
In the bedridden patient the excessive fluid accumulates where?
the sacral region
A deficit of sodium in the blood is called ______. (<135 mEq/L)
hyponatremia
abnormal accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity
ascities
When the serum sodium concentration rises above 145 mEq/L, a state of _______ occurs
hypernatremia
excess of acid or depletion of alkaline substances in the blood and body tissues
acidosis
When the potassium level falls below 3.5 mEq/L, _____ exists
hypokalemia
Foods high in potassium
Apricots, avocados, bananas, cantaloupe, codfish, dates, meats, milk, orange juice, oranges, potatoes, raisins, salmon, tuna
When the serum potassium level rises above 5.0 mEq/L, a state of ______ exists
hyperkalemia
When the calcium level drops below 8.4 mg/dL, _______ occurs
hypocalcemia
excess of alkaline or decrease of acid substances in the blood and body fluids
alkalosis
When the serum calcium level is above 10.6 mg/dL, _____ occurs
hypercalcemia
this is an important substance in maintaining acid base balance
bicarbonate
The normal serum pH is _____ to _____
7.35 to 7.45
When the chloride level is below 96 mEq/L, _____ occurs
hypochloremia
When the chloride level is above 106 mEq/L, ____ occurs
hyperchloremia
______ occurs when the level of phosphate falls below 2.7 mg/dL
Hypophosphatemia
When the phosphate level is above 4.5 mg/dL, _____ occurs
Hyperphosphatemia
An increase in hydrogen ions results in _____ (decrease in pH)
acidosis
A decrease in hydrogen ions results in ______ (increase in pH)
alkalosis
a rapid respiratory rate
hyperventilation
The normal range of bicarbonate is __ to __ mEq/L
22 to 26
- An excessive loss of bicarbonate ions or an increased production or retention of hydrogen ions leads to this
- The loss of bicarbonate ions with diarrhea is a cause of this
- Occurs when large amounts of acid are produced within the body
Metabolic acidosis
*Hyperventilation results in this
Respiratory Alkalosis
*Carbon dioxide levels increase in a variety of disorders, including acute problems such as airway obstruction, pneumonia, asthma, or chest injuries. Increased levels are also seen in patients taking opiates, which depress the respiratory rate. Chronic respiratory acidosis is prevalent among people with COPD
Respiratory acidosis
Characterized by severe muscle cramps, carpopedal spasms, laryngeal spasms, and stridor (shrill, harsh sound on inspiration)
tetany
*Slow, shallow respirations
*Respiratory congestion or obstruction
pH < 7.35
Paco2 > 45 mm Hg
respiratory acidosis
*Shock (poor circulation)
*Diabetic ketoacidosis
*Renal failure
*Diarrhea
pH < 7.35
HCO3- <22 mEq/L
metabolic acidosis
Hyperventilation
pH > 7.45
Paco2 < 35 mm Hg
respiratory alkalosis
*Vomiting
*Excessive antacid intake
*Hypokalemia
pH > 7.45
HCO3- >26 mEq/L
metabolic acidosis
Daily fluid intake in the adult must be at least ____ mL/day to maintain homeostasis
1500
What are the causes of edema?
Kidney failure, heart failure, liver failure, and hormonal disorders
What are the 3 mechanisms that control pH in the body?
The blood buffer system, the lungs, and the kidneys
Fluid restriction is often necessary for the patient who has ___ ____ _____
excess fluid volume
