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POLITICS > DEWFALL - LIBERALISM > Flashcards

DEWFALL - LIBERALISM Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two key concepts of liberalism ?

A

-liberty
-equality`

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2
Q

What are the religious roots of liberalism ?`

A

-reformation (15th-16th century)
-break from Catholicism
-belief that each person is responsible for their own relationship with God

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3
Q

How does enlightenment relate to liberalism ?

A

-the period sought to take individualist ideas (key liberal concept) into the secular world
-based on reason > faith
-each individual has free will
-influenced American and French revolutions

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4
Q

What is the Mechanistic Theory ?

A

-humans are rational
-therefore have the ability to think about the ideal state to live
-contrasts “divine right of kings”

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5
Q

What are the distinctive features of classical liberalism ?

A

-revolutionary potential
-negative liberty
-minimal state
-laissez faire capitalism

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6
Q

What is negative liberty ?

A

-any infringement on individual rights is unjust`

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7
Q

What is laissez-faire capitalism ?

A

-capitalism without limits, no gov interference

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8
Q

Why would classic liberals disagree with referendums ?

A

-leads to tyranny of the majority

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9
Q

What is developmental individualism ?

A

-individuals have the right to develop their potential

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10
Q

What are some of John Locke’s beliefs ?

A

-human beings are rational beings so the state of nature is peaceful with people seeking to develop themselves
-the state must be representative
-society existed before the state
-gov guidance in economics only to better the state of society

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11
Q

What is positive liberty ?

A
  • People should be supported by the state/govt
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12
Q

What is ‘tyranny of the majority’ ?

A
  • What ever the majority decides happens (referendums)
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13
Q

What are the Liberal tensions in terms of Human Nature ?

A
  • All believe that humans are rational
  • Locke and Hayek believe humans are innately respectful
  • Mill and Rawls believe enlightened liberal authorities need to support respectfulness.
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14
Q

What are the Liberal tensions in terms of Society ?

A
  • All liberals see Society as diverse and autonomous individuals
  • Classical Liberals think human society predates the State.
  • Neo Liberals think ‘dependancy culture’ must see a radical decrease of the State
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15
Q

What are Liberal tensions in terms of The State ?

A
  • All Liberals believe that the State should function according to pre arranged rules
  • Classical Liberals believe in ‘negative liberty’ and so a small state should exist
  • Modern Liberals believe in ‘positive liberty’ and so a larger state should exist
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16
Q

What are some modern liberal beliefs about the economy ?

A
  • minimal gov interference
  • Keynesian economics
  • positive liberty
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17
Q

What are the classical liberal beliefs about the economy ?

A
  • laissez-faire capitalism
  • negative liberty
18
Q

What is meritocracy ?

A
  • belief that individuals who have, through talent and effort, proven they deserve should be trusted to govern
  • rejects the idea of the “divine right of kings”
19
Q

Describe the traditional state

A
  • monarchial
  • absolutist
20
Q

What is collectivism ?

A
  • a larger state means more freedom
21
Q

What is foundational equality ?

A
  • all individuals have equal natural rights and are of equal value
22
Q

Name a neo-liberal

A
  • Friedrich Hayek
23
Q

Who are some modern liberals ?

A
  • John Rawls
  • Keynes
24
Q

Who are some classical liberals ?

A
  • Adam Smith
  • John Locke
25
Q

What is utilitarianism ?

A
  • the greater good for the greatest number of people
26
Q

Describe Keynesian economics

A
  • gov could, with funding and regulations, intervene with economics and the free market
  • the job of the state to create demand
27
Q

What was John Locke’s idea of the state of nature ?

A
  • underpinned by natural laws and rights
  • peaceful, rational, harmonious
28
Q

What is the liberal view on human nature ?

A
  • optimistic, unending ability to forge happiness
  • rational therefore problem solvers
  • humankind’s innate reason is manifested in debate, discussion and peaceful argument
  • ability to plan is natural
29
Q

What is egotistical individualism ?

A
  • humans are drawn to their own advancements
30
Q

What is the simple liberal view on the State ?

A
  • it exists to ensure individualism
31
Q

” that which man has mixed with his labour”
who said that ?

A
  • Locke
32
Q

What is individualism ?

A
  • the belief that individual needs should be the primary focus of political, economic and social thought
33
Q

Who wrote the “Wealth of Nations” ?

A
  • Adam Smith
34
Q

Capitalism is often referred to as…?

A
  • economic liberalism
35
Q

What did Adam Smith believe about the economy ?

A
  • if free trade was allowed to exist unfettered, the “invisible hand” would guide humans to success
  • the success will then “trickle down” to everyone else
36
Q

What is the State ?

A
  • hypothetical state of gov
37
Q

“government should always be servant, not master of the people”
who said that ?

A
  • Locke (again)
38
Q

“I detest what you say but will defend unto death your right to say it”
who said that ?

A
  • Voltaire
39
Q

What are some of Jeremy Bentham’s beliefs ?

A
  • liberal state should be more proactive
  • each individual would seek to maximise their own “utility” (usefulness) by maximising personal pleasure and minimising personal pain
40
Q

” man is not free unless government is limited “
who said that ?

A
  • Old Mc’Ronald !
    Ronald Reagan
41
Q

What are some neoliberal concepts ?

A
  • laissez-faire capitalism
  • privatisation of public spending
  • lower taxes
  • constitutional reformation
  • modern liberalism is a sell out of the original

POLITICS (8 decks)

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