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DEVS340 final exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is environmentalism?

A

response to climate change caused by humans and capitalism

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2
Q

Market-oriented environmentalism

A
  • about solving environmental problems by using money + market competition, rather than only relying on strict rules/bans
  • understands that the market can provide incentives for conservation
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3
Q

how is market-oriented environmentalism achieved?

A
  • private property rights
  • internalizing costs
  • emphasis on innovation
  • promoting efficient resources allocation
  • encouraging individual responsibility
  • idea that free market provides a path towards sustainability
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4
Q

Coase Theorum

A
  • potential solution to the “tragedy of the commons” under a free-market system
  • If people can talk and make deals easily, they’ll find a solution that works for both sides without needing outside help, like the government.
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5
Q

Environmental Kuznet’s Curve

A
  • as economic development increases, environmental degradation decreases
  • believed poverty drives environmental degradation
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6
Q

How can environmental degradation caused by poverty be reduced?

A

through economic growth via free-market capitalism DUMB AF

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7
Q

How would a market-oriented environmentalist address climate change/what are market-oriented environmentalist thoughts on the environment?

A
  • free-markets driven by private enterprises and economically free individuals
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8
Q

How would a Marxist address climate change/what are Marxist thoughts on the environment?

A
  • dissolution of the capitalist system to reduce exploitation of nature and labor
  • capitalism can never be sustainable bc it requires constant growth through extraction + exploitation of nature + labor
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9
Q

How would a post-colonial address climate change/what are post-colonial thoughts on the environment?

A
  • recognize productions and consumption in a sustainable way
  • promote environmental justice
  • support indigenous rights
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10
Q

Ecological imperialism

A
  • idea that colonization impacts political + economic systems as well as the land itself
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11
Q

Post-colonial environmentalism

A
  • focuses on challenging Wester/Eurocentric approaches to the environment
  • rejects Anthropocentrism + promotes biocentrism (idea that all living beings have inherent worth + deserve moral consideration)
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12
Q

Metabolic rift

A
  • disruption of the natural processes between humans + environment
  • disrupts + alienates workers from products of their labor
  • believes capitalism can never be sustainable because it requires constant growth through extraction + exploitation of nature + labor
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13
Q

Liberal feminism

A
  • patriarchy as a legacy of “un-modernized” cultures
  • believes women are treated as equals under the capitalist system bc the market doesn’t have bias/judgement
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14
Q

Marxist feminism

A
  • critiquing liberal feminism + the free market for reproducing + legitimizing the exploitative + oppressive nature of capitalist systems
  • compounding oppression faced by women under capitalism (social reproduction of labor + devaluing domestic labor)
  • gender equity can’t resolve capitalism
  • gender inequality can’t be solved through market-based solutions
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15
Q

Post-colonial feminism

A
  • pushes listening to women in the GS instead of western ideas
  • wants to break free from Western ideas
  • stop seeing the GS only through the lens of western politics, history + stereotypes
  • challenges the idea that Western + male perspectives are correct/universal
  • women’s lives in the GS are shaped by their experiences w. their identities
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16
Q

How does liberal feminism solve gender inequality?

A
  • legal equity
  • continued individualism
  • meritocracy
  • political reform
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17
Q

How does Marxist feminism solve gender inequality?

A
  • emancipation through revolution that dismantles patriarchy + capitalism
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18
Q

How does post-colonial feminism solve gender inequality in the GS?

A
  • inclusion of voices from GS
  • resistance against oppressive structures
19
Q

Social reproduction

A
  • domestic labor is essential to reproducing the capitalist system even though it’s unpaid + invisible
20
Q

What is post-structuralism?

A
  • “non-theory” theory
  • deconstructing academic theories + ideas about universal truths
  • against Western knowledge being considered “superior”
21
Q

How does post-structuralism critique liberalism and Marxism?

A
  • thinks they focus too much on the economy + uneven power relations
22
Q

What is the post-structuralist view on DEVS?

A
  • sees it as hierarchical + Eurocentric
23
Q

Regimes of Truth

A
  • when power operates to reinforce the “truthfulness” of discourse
  • serves to legitimize Western knowledge as superior
24
Q

Intersectionality

A
  • way to understand how multiple forms of oppression + inequality can overlap + create distinct experiences for individuals
  • Kimberlé Crenshaw
25
Q

Critiques of post-structuralism

A
  • discounts success of some development initiatives
  • romanticizes tradition
  • does not given good alternative solutions
26
Q

Orientalism

A
  • Edward Said
  • Considered a “regime of truth”
  • idea that the west is superior and “orient” is inferior
27
Q

What is the “Regime of Truth”?

A
  • Michel Foucault
  • set of beliefs, ideas + practices that a society accepts as “truth”
  • shaped by powerful institutions like governments, schools, media
  • influence how people think + act
  • they can change over time
28
Q

Explain Orientalism in terms of development

A
  • idea that the Orient is seen as a place in need of Western-led development
29
Q

Give examples of binaries and what do they reinforce?

A
  • us vs them, west vs rest, modernity vs tradition
  • dividing people into two opposite groups
  • helps powerful groups keep control by promoting ideas that support their dominance
  • create stereotypes + rules about how people in the “less powerful” group should behave,which keeps them in a lower position in society
30
Q

What does “subaltern group” mean?

A
  • people/communities that are marginalized, excluded, or have little power in society
  • term used to highlight how these groups’ voices are often ignored/overlooked, even in projects meant to help them
31
Q

Michel Foucault

A
  • created discourse analysis as a method of unpacking the power relations inherent in language
  • “regime of truth”
32
Q

What is discourse analysis?

A
  • socio-political meanings in texts
  • reveals what is unsaid
33
Q

Why is neo-liberal feminism the best way to address gender inequality in the global south? And what are some critiques?

A
  • bc it focuses on empowering individual women through education, jobs + economic opportunities
  • can be seen as a good way to address gender inequality in the Global South bc it helps women become financially independent + gain more control over their lives
  • CRITIQUE: some argue it doesn’t address deeper systemic issues like cultural norms/unequal power structures
34
Q

Why is marxist feminism the best way to address gender inequality in the global south?

A
  • bc it focuses on how class + economic systems create oppression
  • argues that equality can only happen by changing the whole system
  • this way women + men can share resources + power more equally, instead of just helping a few individuals succeed
34
Q

Why is post-structuralist feminism the best way to address gender inequality in the global south?

A
  • focuses on how ideas, culture + language shape power + oppression
  • challenges fixed ideas about gender + emphasizes listening to local women’s diverse experiences
  • seeks to change the way societies think about gender + power rather than applying one-size-fits-all solutions
35
Q

Why is market-oriented environmentalism the best approach for solving ecological crises in the global South?

A
  • uses economic incentives (like carbon trading or green businesses)
  • encourages sustainable practices by making it profitable for people + companies, which can drive economic growth and conservation at the same time in the Global South.
35
Q

why is Marxist environmentalism the best approach for solving ecological crises in the global South?

A
  • focuses on how capitalism causes ecological crises by prioritizing profit over the environment
  • argues that solving these crises requires changing the economic system to prioritize community needs + shared resources
36
Q

why is post-colonial environmentalism the best approach for solving ecological crises in the global South?

A
  • highlights how colonial histories + global inequalities have caused environmental damage in the Global South
  • focuses on empowering local communities, respecting traditional knowledge
  • addresses how rich countries + corporations exploit resources
36
Q

Explain the theoretical argument behind the argument that development is dead from a Marxist perspective

A
  • argues that development is dead bc it perpetuates capitalist systems that prioritize profit over people
  • Development only benefits the wealthy + powerful
  • maintains inequality + exploitation in the GS
  • true devs would require a radical shift in the economic system, which current development models fail to address
37
Q

Explain the theoretical argument behind the argument that development is dead from a post-structuralist perspective

A
  • they believe development is dead bc it imposes fixed ideas about progress + ignores the diverse experiences of people in the GS
  • devs narratives are often shaped by Western perspectives, marginalizing local knowledge + voice which assumes one-size-fits-all solutions, failing to address the complexities + power dynamics of each context
37
Q

Explain the theoretical argument behind the argument that development is dead from an environmentalist perspective

A
  • current models focus on growth + exploitation of resources, leading to environmental destruction
  • devs that prioritizes profit over sustainability harms the planet + marginalized communities
  • true devs should respect ecological limits + seek to balance human needs with environmental protection
38
Q

The World Bank argues that “the business case for gender equity is strong”. Identify and explain this from a Marxist perspective

A
  • the World Bank’s argument that gender equity is good for business is seen as an attempt to integrate women into capitalist systems without challenging the root causes of inequality
  • argues that this doesn’t address the exploitation and class-based inequalities within capitalism
  • they would see this as a way to extract more labor from women without changing the system
39
Q

The World Bank argues that “the business case for gender equity is strong”. Identify and explain this from a post-structuralist perspective

A
  • argues the WB’s claim oversimplifies gender equity by framing it as an economic strategy rather than a social/cultural issue
  • treats gender equality as a tool for boosting economic growth
  • ignores the power dynamics + diverse lived experiences of women
40
Q

The World Bank argues that “the business case for gender equity is strong”. Identify and explain this from an environmentalist perspective

A
  • argues the focus on business profits still prioritizes economic growth over environmental sustainability
  • argues that true gender equity should be pursued alongside environmental justice, rather than using gender equity merely as a tool to boost profits in business-driven development models

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