China test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
The Tongmenghui (Revolutionary Alliance, founded 1905)
A
- revolutionary organization
- founded by Sun Yat-sen
- aimed to overthrow the Qing Dynasty + establish a republic in China
- playing a key role in the 1911 Revolution
2
Q
Social Darwinism in Chinese Revolutionary Thought:
A
- nations + races were in constant struggle for survival
- influenced Chinese revolutionaries who believed that China had to modernize + become strong to avoid extinction
3
Q
Leninism in Chinese Revolutionary Thought
A
- influenced Chinese communists (Mao Zedong)
- emphasizing a disciplined party
- revolutionary strategy in an agrarian society
4
Q
Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi, 1887-1975)
A
- military + political leader of the Guomindang (Nationalist Party)
- led China during the Second Sino-Japanese War + later the civil war against the Communists before retreating to Taiwan in 1949
5
Q
Treaty Port System
A
- treaty of nanjing
- forced China to open numerous ports to foreign trade and granted extraterritorial rights to foreigners
6
Q
Boxer Uprising (1897-1900)
A
- nationalist + anti-foreign movement led by the “Boxers,”
- targeted foreign influence in China before being suppressed by an international coalition
7
Q
Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925)
A
- “Father of Modern China,”
- founded the Tongmenghui
- Three Principles of the People
- influenced both Nationalist + Communist ideologies
8
Q
The May Fourth Incident
A
- student-led protest in Beijing
- against the Treaty of Versailles’ terms that gave Japan rights to Chinese territories
- sparked a cultural + political movement advocating modernization + national strength
9
Q
Xi’an Incident, December 1936
A
- kidnapping of Chiang Kai-shek by his own generals
- pressured him into forming a united front with the Communists against Japanese invasion
- anti-japanese resistance
10
Q
The Fall of Nanjing, December 1937
A
- Nanjing Massacre
- occupation of Nanjing by Japanese forces,
- resulting in mass atrocities against Chinese civilians + soldiers
11
Q
The CCP’s Land Reform (1946-1952)
A
- policy implemented by the Chinese Communist Party to redistribute land from landlords to peasants
- aimed at gaining rural support + undermining the power of the landlord class
12
Q
Guomindang (GMD)
A
- aka Nationalist Party
- dominant political party in China under leaders like Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek,
- promoted nationalism, modernization, + opposing the Communists
13
Q
Yuan Shikai (1859-1916)
A
- Qing general who became president of the new Republic of China after the 1911 Revolution
- attempted to establish himself as emperor, leading to his downfall + political instability
14
Q
Chinese “Warlordism”
A
- period following Yuan Shikai’s death when military leaders controlled various regions of China
- created chaos + division until the Guomindang’s Northern Expedition sought to reunify the country
15
Q
The Northern Expedition, 1926-1928
A
- military campaign led by the Guomindang
- supported by the Communists to unify China
- eliminated warlord control, resulting in temporary national unity
