DevPsy Shaffer: P-R Flashcards
a disease that has little effect
on a pregnant woman but may cause a number of
serious birth defects in developing organisms who are
exposed in the first 3 to 4 months of pregnancy.
rubella (German measles)
the ability to assume another person’s perspective and understand his or her thoughts, feelings,
and behaviors.
role taking
a blood protein that, when present in a fetus
but not the mother, can cause the mother to produce
antibodies. These antibodies may then attack the red
blood cells of subsequent fetuses who have the protein
in their blood.
RH factor
the ability to reverse, or negate, an action by
mentally performing the opposite action (negation).
reversibility
a class of strategies aimed at getting information
out of the long-term store.
retrieval
aggressive acts elicited by real
or imagined provocations.
retaliatory aggression
an insecure infant–caregiver
bond, characterized by strong separation protest
and a tendency of the child to remain near but resist
contact initiated by the caregiver, particularly after a
separation.
resistant attachment
the knowledge that an
entity can stand for (represent) something other
than itself.
representational insight:
the extent to which a measuring instrument
yields consistent results, both over time (temporal) and
across observers (interrater).
reliability
feelings of self-esteem within a particular relationship context (such as with parents,
with male classmates); may differ across relationship
contexts.
relational self-worth
the hypothesis that ana
logical reasoning is available in infancy.
relational primacy hypothesis
acts such as snubbing, exclusion,
withdrawing acceptance, or spreading rumors that are
aimed at damaging an adversary’s self-esteem, friend
ships, or social status.
relational aggression
children who are disliked by many peers and liked by few.
rejected children
a strategy for remembering that involves repeating the items one is trying to retain.
rehearsal
the first substage of Piaget’s sensorimotor
stage; infants’ actions are confined to exercising innate
reflexes, assimilating new objects into these reflexive
schemes, and accommodating their reflexes to these
novel objects.
reflex activity
an early linguistic style in which toddlers
use language mainly to label objects.
referential style
abilities to generate
clear verbal messages, to recognize when others’ mes
sages are unclear, and to clarify any unclear messages
one transmits or receives.
referential communication skills
a less powerful gene that is not expressed
phenotypically when paired with a dominant allele.
recessive allele
that which the individual comprehends when listening to others’ speech.
receptive language
responses to a child’s ungrammatical utterance
that are nonrepetitive statements that are grammatically correct.
recasts
a particular type of problem solving that involves making inferences.
reasoning
children who display high levels of
hostile, retaliatory aggression because they overat
tribute hostile intents to others and can’t control their
anger long enough to seek nonaggressive solutions to
social problems.
reactive aggressors
the idea that genotype sets
limits on the range of possible phenotypes that a person
might display in response to different environments.
reactive aggressors: children who display high levels of
range-of-reaction principle
a control technique in which
participants are assigned to experimental conditions
through an unbiased procedure so that the members
of the groups are not systematically different from one
another.
random assignment
an incremental change in degree without sudden transformations; for example, some view the small yearly increases in height and weight that 2- to 11-year-olds display as quantitative developmental changes.
quantitative change
a change in kind that make individu
als fundamentally different than they were before; the
transformation of a prelinguistic infant into a language
user is viewed by many as a qualitative change in communication skills.
qualitative change
the point at which a person reaches sexual maturity and is physically capable of fathering or conceiving
a child.
puberty
methods that measure
the relationships between physiological processes and
aspects of children’s physical, cognitive, social, or emotional behavior/ development.
psychophysiological methods
a theoretical perspective that
portrays intelligence as a trait (or set of traits) on which
individuals differ; psychometric theorists are responsible
for the development of standardized intelligence tests.
psychometric approach
attempts to regulate a child’s or an adolescent’s conduct by such psychological tactics as
withholding affection and/or inducing shame or guilt.
psychological control
the tendency to base
one’s impressions of others on the stable traits these
individuals are presumed to have.
psychological constructs phase
the tendency to form
impressions of others by comparing and contrasting
these individuals on abstract psychological dimensions.
psychological comparisons phase
those who study the structure and development of children’s language
psycholinguists
a perspective on nature/nurture
interactions specifying that some early experiences
affect the organization of the brain, which in turn,
influences one’s responsiveness to similar experiences
in the future.
psychobiosocial model:
a sequence of physical
maturation and growth that proceeds from the center
of the body (the proximal region) to the extremities
(distal regions).
proximodistal development
restless, hot-tempered, and oppositional children who are victimized
because they often irritate their peers
provocative victims (of aggression)
the right of research participants to be protected from physical or psychological harm.
protection from harm
the thinking that people
display when deciding whether to help, share with, or comfort others when these actions could prove costly
to themselves.
prosocial moral reasoning
any action that is intended to benefit other people, such as sharing with someone less fortunate, comforting or rescuing someone, cooperation, or simply making others feel good by complimenting them.
prosocial behavior
sensory information from the
muscles, tendons, and joints that helps one to locate the
position of one’s body (or body parts) in space.
proprioceptive feedback
a strategy
whereby parents guide or scaffold an adolescent’s deci
sion making (rather than imposing a solution or ceding
control), thereby allowing him or her to experience a
sense of self- determination when resolving personal
issues.
promotion of volitional functioning (PVF)
that which the individual is capable
of expressing (producing) in his or her own speech.
productive language
a failure to spontaneously generate and use known strategies that could improve learning and memory.
production deficiency
praise of effort expended to
formulate good ideas and effective problem-solving
strategies; this praise fosters learning goals in achievement contexts.
process-oriented praise
cognitive biases or tendencies
that lead infants and toddlers to favor certain interpretations of the meaning of new words over other interpretations.
processing constraints
highly aggressive children who find aggressive acts easy to perform and who rely heavily on aggression as a means of solving social problems or achieving other personal objectives.
proactive aggressors
Vygotsky’s term for the subset of a child’s
verbal utterances that serve a self-communicative function and guide the child’s thinking.
private speech
seven mental abilities, identified
by factor analysis, that Thurstone believed to represent
the structure of intelligence.
primary mental abilities
the second substage of
Piaget’s sensorimotor stage; a pleasurable response,
centered on the infant’s own body, that is discovered by
chance and performed over and over.
primary circular reactions
infants born more than 3 weeks before their normal due dates.
preterm babies
