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Brain & Behavior > deviance exam 2 > Flashcards

deviance exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

BMI (body mass index)

A

an estimate of body fat based on height and weight
underweight = less than 18.5
normal weight = 18.5 - 24.9
overweight = 25 - 29.9
obese = 30 or higher
-these are not the end all be all! they don’t take everything into account and were based on white men

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2
Q

types of surveys

A

closed ended questions
dichotomous
ranking
Likert scale / Likert type
multiple choice
rating scale

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3
Q

demographic questions

A

ask about race, religion, social class, region where people live
-must be inclusive (can include an “other” option)
-demographic questions allow survey outcomes to be organized and see differences between groups
Ex: male, female, nonbinary, other

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4
Q

Stigma against obese people

A

-stigma and discrimination against those considered obese
-blamed for their weight
-negative attitudes create unhealthy tools for reducing obesity (drugs, disordered eating, etc)
-place blame/architects of their own poor health - this justifies the stigmatization
-health disparities
-stigma is not addressed by the public
-obesity = personal responsibility
-thin does NOT equal healthy

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5
Q

obesity in media

A

social constructions of beauty and body weight
-media communicates messages about body weight

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6
Q

causes of obesity

A

-genetic and biological factors
-social and economic influences
-reduction of manual labor/advances in tech. (work from home, plow not shovel anymore)
-prices of healthy food and unhealthy food (unhealthy = less expensive)

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7
Q

weight loss maintenance

A

-weight loss is usually not maintained due to the WAY that it was lost (diet, fasting)
-people usually regain 30-35% of the weight in 1 year
-people usually regain all of the weight in 5 years

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8
Q

eating disorders

A

-restriction leads to binging
-food addictions = binging
-anorexia, bulimia, emotional eaters, etc

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9
Q

Overweight/fat admirers (FA)

A

people who like, date, or sleep with overweight/obese people
-is it a fetish?
-many different types of FA’s - some date publicly, others will only date in secret

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10
Q

DSM-V-TR

A

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
-diagnose mental illnesses by DSM criteria
-one set of criteria for each disorder
-person must meet criteria to get diagnosis

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11
Q

Health spectrums

A

physical and mental health exist on spectrums from minor to major/serious
-ex: physical health
minor: virus, cold - serious: chronic/terminal illness
-ex: mental health
minor: attachment disorder, dysthymia - serious: schizophrenia, bipolar 1, major depression

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12
Q

depressive disorders

A

-sad, empty, irritable, changes in functioning
-more often seen in women/men less likely to get help
-women have higher rates of suicide attempts, but men have higher completion rates (they use more violent methods)

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13
Q

symptoms of depressive disorders

A

-loss of interest
-fatigue and isolation
-diminished ability to think and concentrate
-weight loss or gain
-feelings of worthlessness

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14
Q

Dysthymia

A

-aka persistent depressive disorder
-must be a low mood occurring most of the time for at least 2 years
-underlying sadness or depression

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15
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

-fear: emotional response to real or perceived threat
anxiety: anticipation of future threat
-nervous does not equal anxiety!

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16
Q

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

expressive anxiety or worry, catastrophic thinking (worst possible scenario)
-edginess/irritable, restlessness, fatigue, trouble concentrating, trouble sleeping

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17
Q

Panic attacks

A

-anxiety leads to more anxiety
-no precipitating or antecedent
-attacks typically just spawn from nowhere

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18
Q

social anxiety

A

-afraid of being judged, critiqued, hated
-afraid of others’ perception
-embarrassed and uncomfortable
-avoids social interaction, which leads to isolation

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19
Q

specific phobia

A

intense feelings of fear or anxiety in response to the presence of a situation or object
-different from “normal” fears

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20
Q

separation anxiety disorder

A

excessive fear or anxiety concerning separating froom home or an attachment figure
-refuse, reluctant to go by themselves

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21
Q

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

obsessions: recurrent or persistent thoughts and urges or images that are intrusive and cause anxiety or stress
-compulsions: repetitive behaviors the individual feels compelled to perform

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22
Q

body dysmorphic disorder

A

-preoccupation with one or more perceived physical defect or flaw
-repetitive mirror checking and picking at face
-major distress over appearance/looks

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23
Q

mental illness stereotype

A

most common stereotype is that those with mental illnesses are dangerous/violent/erratic

24
Q

prison/jail stats

A

state prison: 73% of women, 55% of men have at least 1 mental health problem
federal prison: 61% of women, 44% of men have at least 1 mental health problem
jails: 75% of women, 63% of men have at least 1 mental health problem
*women only make up 7% of incarcerated people, so although percentage is higher, amount of incarcerated men with mental illness is overall higher

25
Q

3 largest mental health facilities

A

-Cook County Jail in Chicago
-Rikers Island in NYC
-LA County Jail
*those with mental illnesses end up in jail because we don’t know what to do with them/how to help

26
Q

mental illness perspective pre-civilization

A

-evil spirits
-management fell to family

27
Q

mental illness perspective in ancient civilization

A

-malfunctioning physiology
-imbalances in bile and phlegm
-laxative and surgery were treatment methods

28
Q

trephination

A

form of treatment for mental illnesses that involved removing parts of the skull to release evil spirits
-used pre-civilization

29
Q

mental illness perspective in middle ages

A

-demonology dominated as explanation for abnormal behavior and mental illness
-exorcism, torture and execution were treatment method

30
Q

mental illness perspective in age of enlightenment

A

-changes in thoughts about mental illness
-1700’s social control through punishment and death penalty
-move to confine all who were mentally ill

31
Q

mental illness perspective in pre-civil war

A

-Benjamin Rush: father of American psychiatry
-asylums were for non-violent patients
-jails and prisons were for violent patients

32
Q

biological determinism

A

-all human behavior is innate, dictated by biological factors such as genetics or brain size
-theories on the cause of mental illness during the 19th-20th centuries heavily focused on biology and physiology

33
Q

phrenology

A

skull shape and placement of ridges/bumps reveal personality traits and determine propensity for deviant behavior

34
Q

eugenics

A

forced sterilization prevented those with mental illness from reproducing

35
Q

1939-1941

A

-forced lobotomies and frontal leucotomy to treat mental illness
-ex: rosemary kennedy

36
Q

state hospitals

A

-primary means of treating mental illness
-people were forced into these places
-1930’s average stay = 20 years
-thorazine given to almost all patients in 1950’s (antipsychotic meds)

37
Q

civil rights movement

A

tried to shut asylums down because people saw expose
-people with mental illness were essentially being incarcerated in hospitals and held for avg. of 20 years

38
Q

JFK: deinstitutionalization plan

A

3 steps
-establish specialty commitment
-movement of patients out of hospitals and into treatment
-diversion of individuals who would’ve been hospitalized into alternative community facilities
*JKF was killed and lots of these people were then homeless or missing

39
Q

drug addiction

A

-tolerance
-withdrawal and relapse
-taken more than intended to
-desire to quit, but unable to
-procurement (getting drugs/alcohol)
-give up important social, occupational, and recreational activities (don’t want people to see them high/drunk)
-use despite physical and/or psych/mental health problems
*alcohol is a drug! people can get addicted and detoxing is dangerous! when detoxing from alcohol, must be on medical supervision due to risk of seizures

40
Q

neurons

A

send electrical impulses from one part of the body to another; release neurotransmitters

41
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that influence the working of the brain and influence behavior

42
Q

direct effects of drugs

A

acute: occur rapidly, can be minor or severe
chronic: long term after years of abuse/use
ex of chronic effects: cirrhosis of the liver from alcohol use

43
Q

indirect effects of drugs

A

not caused by drugs but by circumstances around drugs
ex: Hepatitis C or HIV from dirty needles

44
Q

route of administration

A

method of taking drugs
-intravenously (into the vein) - people hide their veins; veins can collapse/become unusable
-injecting subcutaneously (into the muscle) - typically steroids
-oral - typically pills
-smoking - cannabis, crack, meth, heroin
-injectable drugs are the most dangerous! because of the sharing that occurs (needles, straws, etc)

45
Q

drug mixing

A

3/4 of all people who die from drug overdoses die with more than 1 drug in their system
-could be on purpose or not (laced)

46
Q

depressant drugs

A

-depress/slow brain activity (CNS)
-sedatives
-alcohol
-barbiturates
-benzodiazepines

47
Q

narcotic drugs

A

-often used for pain
-oxycodone
-percocets
-morphine

48
Q

opiates drugs

A

-often used for pain or to cause sleep
-methamphetamines
-fentanyl
-heroin
-morphine

49
Q

anti-depressant drugs

A

-used to treat depressive disorders
-citalopram
-fluoxetine
-sertraline

50
Q

anti-psychotic drugs

A

-used to reduce psychotic symptoms like hallucinations or delusions
-chlorpromazine
-haloperidol
-loxapine

51
Q

hallucinogenic drugs

A

-alter a person’s reality
-LSD
-mescaline
-psilocybin (mushrooms)

52
Q

stimulant drugs

A

-increase brain activity (CNS)
-cocaine
-amphetamines
-caffeine
-nicotine

53
Q

not classified drugs

A

-cannabis
-ecstasy (MDMA)
-these are not classified because people have such different experiences with these drugs - some go up and some down

54
Q

effective and fatal doses

A

the difference between an effective dose and a fatal dose is very small!

55
Q

war on drugs

A

-been going on since 1970’s?nixon presidency
-act like drugs are a person to defeat
-not solved because US doesn’t try to fix the root problems
-addiction is basically criminalized at this point

Brain & Behavior (4 decks)

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