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Psychology 102 > Deverlopmental Psychology > Flashcards

Deverlopmental Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What does developmental psychology examine?

A

Changes in physical, biological, psychological & behavioural processes as we age

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1
Q

What are the critical & sensitive periods?

A

Critical period = age where experiences must occur
Sensitive period = optimal age range

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2
Q

What is Visual Mapping Change?

A
  1. No change (constant)
  2. Continuous (gradual changes)
  3. Stages (discontinuous changes)
  4. Inverted U-shape
  5. U-shape function
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3
Q

What is inverted U-shape?

A

Emerges early - peaks
- diminishes with age

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4
Q

What is U-shape function?

A

Emerges early - disappears
- re-emerges

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5
Q

What are Research Designs?

A

Longitudinal, Cross-sectional, Sequential (Cohort - sequential)

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6
Q

What is longitudinal research design?

A

Test some cohort at different times

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7
Q

What is Cross-sectional research?

A

Compare different ages at some time

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8
Q

What is sequential research?

A

Test several cohorts as they age,
Pros and cons of both longitudinal and cross-sectional

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9
Q

What are longitudinal pros and cons?

A
  • Some people (reduces variability across samples)
  • Red conclusions about development
  • Time-consuming
  • People drop out
  • Generalizability
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10
Q

What are the pros of Cross-sectional?

A

Data from many age groups (fast)

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11
Q

What are the cons of cross-sectional research?

A
  • Cohort effects
  • Different experiences, cultural changes, environmental changes (e.g. iPod, cloud, ChatGPT)
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12
Q

What is genotype?

A
  • Actual genetic ‘instructions’
  • ‘Blueprint’
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13
Q

What is phenotype?

A
  • Expressed
  • Observable, visible
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14
Q

What are the 3 stages of Prenatal Development?

A
  • Gestalt stage
  • Embryonic stage
  • Fetal stage
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15
Q

What is gestalt stage?

A

(2 weeks)
- zygote (about 1 week)
- blastocyst attaches to uterine wall (placenta)

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16
Q

What is embryonic stage?

A
  • 2nd-8th week
  • placenta & umbilical cord develop - basic systems
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17
Q

What is fetal stage?

A
  • begins at 9th week
  • refinement, growth
  • brain development
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18
Q

What environmental influences negatively impact prenatal development?

A

Teratogens
Maternal malnutrition
Maternal stress (stress hormones)

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19
Q

How do teratogens negatively impact prenatal development?

A

Environmental agents that may cause abnormal development

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20
Q

How does maternal malnutrition negatively impact prenatal development?

A

Miscarriage, premature birth, stillbirth, impaired brain development

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21
Q

How does maternal stress negatively impact prenatal development?

A

Premature birth, infant irritability, attentional deficits

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22
Q

What can newborns do?

A
  • can discriminate different speech sounds
  • can acquire classically conditioned responses
  • can do simple observational learning (initiate adult facial expressions)
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23
Q

How do the reflexes of motor development work?

A

Innate behaviours
- startle (moro)
- babinski (foot)
- blink
Disappear (some stay - some signal trouble)

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24
Q

How do most skills follow stage-like sequences of motor development?

A
  • Age of acquiring skill varies
  • Sequence does not
  • Some have U-shaped function (stepping reflex)
25
Q

What is Cognitive Development?

A

Children are not ‘adults in miniature’
- thinking changes ‘qualitatively’
- natural-born “scientists”
- actively explore & seek to understand their world

26
Q

What are schemas?

A

Modified to create equilibrium between environment & understanding

27
Q

What are the stages of Piaget’s stage model?

A

Sensorimotor Stage
Preoperational Stage
Concrete Operational Stage
Formal Operational Stage

28
Q

What is sensorimotor stage?

A
  • from birth to 2 years
  • understand world through sensory experiences/physical interactions with objects
  • begin to acquire language
29
Q

What is object permanence?

A
  • Understanding objects continue to exist even when they can no longer be seen
  • Mental/cognitive representations (about 8 months)
30
Q

What is preoperational stage?

A
  • ages 2-7
  • world represented symbolically through words and mental images
  • symbolic thinking enable pretend play
  • child doesn’t understand conversation
  • thinking displays irreversibility (appearance/reality), centration, animism, egocentrism
31
Q

What is concrete operational stage?

A
  • ages 7-12
  • easily perform basic mental operations involving tangible (concrete) problems and situations
  • often have difficulty with abstract reasoning
32
Q

What is the formal operational stage?

A
  • develops around 11 or 12
  • can think logically about concrete & abstract problems
  • able to form & test hypotheses
33
Q

What are Information-Processing Approaches?

A
  • development is continuous and gradual
  • not stage-like
  • cognitive growth occurs as information processing abilities gradually become more efficient
34
Q

How do children process information as they age?

A
  • information - search strategies improve
  • information - processing speed quickens
  • memory capabilities improve
  • metacognition develops
35
Q

What is the theory of mind for cognitive development?

A
  • beliefs about how the mind works & what others are thinking
  • lying, deception provide evidence for theory of mind
  • rudimentary understanding develops around 3 to 4
36
Q

What is temperament of emotional and social development?

A
  • biologically based style of behaviour & emotional reactions
  • can be relatively stable but predictions are difficult
37
Q

What is attachment?

A

Strong emotional bond between children & primary caregivers

38
Q

How does Harlow explain attachment?

A

Contact comfort more important than nourishment in fostering attachment

39
Q

What is the attachment process?

A
  • Asocial phase (newborn-6 weeks)
  • Indiscriminate attachment behaviours (6 weeks - 7 months)
  • specific attachment behaviour (7-8 months)
40
Q

What is stranger anxiety?

A
  • 6-7 to 18 months
  • distress over contact with unfamiliar people
41
Q

What is separation anxiety?

A
  • 12-16 months to 2-3 years
  • distress over being separated from primary caregiver
  • shows similar pattern across cultures
42
Q

What is secure attachment?

A
  • explore & react positively to strangers
  • distressed when mother leaves
  • happy when mother returns
43
Q

What are the 3 types of insecure attachment?

A

Resistant, avoidant, disorganized (mix of both)

44
Q

What are the consequences of attachment?

A
  • secure infants better socially adjusted, academic gains
  • insecure infants more behavioural problems
45
Q

What is the consequence of attachment for infancy?

A

infancy = sensitive but not critical period
- prolonged attachment deprivation = long-term risks
- not all in deprived environments at risk (resilience; negative stuff is dismissed; find supports)

46
Q

How does physical development affect adolescence?

A
  • Adolescence begins at puberty (rapid maturation in which person becomes capable of reproduction)
  • Primary & secondary sex characteristics mature
  • menarche & production of sperm occur
47
Q

How does psychological outcomes of physical changes affect adolescence?

A
  • effects on mood and behaviour
  • timing & perception of whether maturation is early or late is important
48
Q

How does cognitive development affect adolescence?

A
  • increase in abstract reasoning abilities
  • more flexible and creative thinking
49
Q

What is adolescent egocentrism of adolescence & social development?

A
  • overestimation of uniqueness of feelings, experiences (personal fable)
  • oversensitivity to social evaluation (imaginary audience)
50
Q

What is identity formation of adolescence?

A
  • Erikson
  • Identity = sense of who we are, where we are going, how we fit into society
  • resolve confusion about which way to go
51
Q

What are the 3 levels of Kohlberg’s Stage Theory for Moral development?

A

Level 1: Preconventional Reasoning
Level 2: Conventional Reasoning
Level 3: Postconventional Reasoning

52
Q

What is Kohlberg’s Stage Theory?

A

Analyzed responses to ethical dilemma
- 3 levels with 2 substages each

53
Q

What is Preconventional Reasoning of Kohlberg’s Stage Theory?

A
  • Judgments of ‘right’ & ‘wrong’ based on actual or anticipated punishments & reward
  • Judgments not based on internalized moral values
54
Q

What is Conventional Reasoning of Kohlberg’s Stage Theory?

A
  • moral judgments based on conformity to expectations of social groups
  • person adopts other people’s values/social order
55
Q

What is Postconventional Reasoning of Kholberg’s Stage Theory?

A
  • More judgments based on general principle
  • Principles have been internalized & are part of person’s value system (following one’s conscience)
56
Q

What are the criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory?

A
  • Western cultural bias
  • Gender bias
  • emphasis on thinking not behaviour
  • moral development occurs within social context
  • cognitive + behavioural components
57
Q

What is Carol Giligan’s criticism of Kohlberg’s theory?

A
  • His theory emphasized justice
  • Women place value on caring
58
Q

What is the physical development of adulthood and aging?

A
  • muscles weaken, body becomes less flexible
  • basal metabolism slows
  • visual activity, fertility decline (menopause)
  • many middle-aged adults remain vigorously active
59
Q

What is the Cognitive Development of adulthood and aging?

A
  • perceptual speed declines
  • long term memory declines/slower
  • spatial memory for object location declines
  • memory recall declines more strongly from recognition
60
Q

What factors are linked to enhanced cognitive function?

A
  • Above-average education
  • cognitively stimulating lives
  • spouse with greater intellectual capabilities
  • processing information more quickly

Psychology 102 (4 decks)

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