Developments In Agriculture

Question 1

What was the rural economy like until 1906?

Answer 1

-provided livelihood for 80-90% of Rus population
-was largely ignored or sacrificed in interests of industrialisation

Question 2

Why did this change from 1906?

Answer 2

-Stolypin appointed minister of internal affairs 1906

Question 3

What was farming like before 1906?

Answer 3

-most farming remained small scale in hands of former serfs + state peasants tied to local Mir by redemption dues
-heavily taxed + exploited by the state

Question 4

What was the land situation like before 1906?

Answer 4

-Rus population growing but land available not
-subdivision of estates caused average holding fall from 35 acres 1877 to 28 by 1905

Question 5

What proved insufficient in alleviating pressure of the growing population of resources?

Answer 5

-gov initiative 1896 sponsor emigration to agric settlement in Siberian opened by trans Siberian railway but insufficient alleviating growing population on resources

Question 6

What was still widely used in agri before 1906?

Answer 6

-the solcha (wooden plough)
-medieval relation systems which wastefully left fallow land each year
-lack of husbandry deprived soil of manure so grain output from American farms on average 1 + 1/2x greater for same amount of land

Question 7

How did some peasants manage to improve themselves?

Answer 7

-bought up land + farming more efficiently - known as kulaks
-Stolypin sought to produce more Kulaks - the ‘sturdy and strong’

Question 8

What was Stolypin’s purpose in producing more kulaks?

Answer 8

-aimed win their loyalty to tsardom
-develop econ by improving agri + creating internal market for products of Ind

Question 9

What did Stolypin want the peasant to become?

Answer 9

-permanent owners of their land
-intended each peasants land be in one piece + not scattered strips

Question 10

What did he want for the peasants with their own land?

Answer 10

-for them be able develop as wished without interference by the Mir

Question 11

What did this demand?

Answer 11

-complete transformation of communal pattern of Rus rural life

Question 12

When and how did his programme of agri reform begin?

Answer 12

-began 1903
-with Mir’s responsibility to pay taxes on behalf of peasants in village removed

Question 13

When did major changes begin?

Answer 13

-after unrest + violence of 1905 + Stolypin’s promotion

Question 14

What happened in September 1906?

Answer 14

-more state + crown land available peasants to buy
-gov subsides encourage migration + settlement in Siberia increased

Question 15

What happened in Oct 1906?

Answer 15

-peasants granted equal rights in local administration

Question 16

What happened in Nov 1906?

Answer 16

-peasants given right leave commune
-collective land ownership by family is abolished

Question 17

What did this abolishment of collective land ownership by a family make?

Answer 17

-made land personal property of individual - usually eldest male

Question 18

What else did Stolypin allow in Nov 1906?

Answer 18

-withdraw land from commune + consolidate scattered strips into one compact farm
-new peasants land bank est. he,p peasants fund land ownership

Question 19

What was set up to assist in this transition?

Answer 19

-land organisation commissions set up
-contained representatives elected by peasants to supervise

Question 20

What happened with redemption Jan 1907?

Answer 20

-redemption payment abolished as promised 1905

Question 21

What did Stolypin claim regarding this transition?

Answer 21

-claimed to need 20 years of peace for reforms have full affect
-but WW1 prevented this

Question 22

What did this legislation encourage?

Answer 22

-land transfers + development of larger farms
-poorer peasants encouraged sell out to more prosperous ones

Question 23

How did the hereditary ownership of land change?

Answer 23

-increased from 20% 1905 to nearly 50% 1915

Question 24

What happened to grain production?

Answer 24

-rose annually from 56m tons 1900 to 90m 1914
-by 1900 Rus worlds leading cereal exporter

Question 25

What was the impact of Stolypin’s encouragement of emigration?

Answer 25

-took 3.5m peasants away from over-populated rural districts of south + west to Siberia
-helped Siberia develop into major agri region specialising in dairy + cereals by 1915

Question 26

Why were so,e of the measures not successful regarding consolidating land applications?

Answer 26

-by 1913 only 1.3m out of 5m applications for consolidation + hereditary tenure of individual farms dealt with

Question 27

How much land has accentually been transferred?

Answer 27

-by 1914 only around 10% of land transferred from communal to private ownership

Question 28

What happened with the peasant holdings?

Answer 28

-by 1914 90% peasant holdings still in traditional strips with conservative peasants reluctant give up traditional practice + security Mir provided

Question 29

What was the issue with landowners?

Answer 29

-reluctant give up land
-difficulties dividing common land brought legal battles - 50% land remained in hands of nobility

Question 30

What happened to Stolypin’s plans to improve the number of kulaks?

Answer 30

-only 1% achieved kulaks status
-many of rest forced leave their farms + join bands of migrant labourers looking for seasonal farm work or Ind employment