Developmental Theories Flashcards
1
Q
Freud conceptualized personality structure as having 3 components:
A
- ID
- EGO
- SUPEREGO
2
Q
→ primitive and unconscious part of mind that reflects pleasure-seeking behavior, aggression, and sexual impulses or desires
→ seeks gratification; selfish
→ causes impulsive, unthinking behavior
→ has no regard for rules or social convention
→ pleasure principle (“I want”)
A
ID
3
Q
balancing or deciding factor between ID and SUPEREGO
→ represents mature and adaptive behavior that allows a person to function successfully in the
world
→ reality principle (“I will”)
A
EGO
4
Q
→ reflects moral and ethical concepts, values, and parental and social expectations
→ composed of two systems: the conscience (guilt) and ego ideal (idealistic view of what is right)
→ moral principle (“I should”)
A
SUPEREGO
5
Q
Freud believed that sexual energy (libido) was the driving force of human behavior
- He suggested that children progress through 5 stages of psychosexual development, what are those?
A
- ORAL
- ANAL
- PHALLIC/ OEDIPAL
- LATENCY
- GENITAL
6
Q
- from birth to 1.5 years old
- focus on the mouth
- child gets major satisfaction from putting things in the mouth (e.g., biting, sucking, breastfeeding, chewing, weaning)
- id is present at birth
- if this stage is not fully satisfied (insufficient or inconsistent feeding; being weaned too early or too late), the child may develop an “oral fixation” in adulthood like overeating, smoking, or nail-biting
A
ORAL
7
Q
- from 1.5-4 years old
- focus on anus; bowel and bladder control
- the major conflict at this stage is toilet training, where the child has to learn to control their bodily needs
- ego develops
- if a child has an overly lenient or inconsistent toilet training, he may develop an “anal-expulsive
personality” (characterized by messiness, carelessness, and rebelliousness) - an overly strict or demanding toilet training may result in an “anal-retentive personality” (characterized by orderliness, stubbornness, and overcontrolling behavior)
A
ANAL
8
Q
- from 4- 6 or 7 years old
- focus on genitals (mainly penis)
- child discovers male and female gender and masturbation (usually for boys)
- superego develops
-
Oedipus Complex- a boy develops sexual attraction to his mother and views his father as a rival, resulting
in jealousy towards him or desire to replace him; he also fears that his penis will be castrated by his father
as punishment (“castration anxiety”) -
Electra Complex- a girl develops sexual attraction to her father and views her mother as a rival; she sees the father as a dominant figure and thus desires to
have a penis (“penis envy”)
A
PHALLIC/OEDIPAL
9
Q
- from 7-12 years old
- FOCUS - inactive libido; developing social skills
- focus and energy shifts to physical, intellectual, and socially appropriate activities (e.g., school work and sports)
- child mainly has friends of the same sex and develops social and communication skills outside his family
- the libido is suppressed
A
LATENCY
10
Q
- from 12 years old to adulthood
- FOCUS: reactivation and maturing of sexual desires
- sexual desire is reactivated
- the individual begins to seek intimate or sexual relationship with others, usually of the opposite sex
- the goal of this stage is to establish and maintain a balance between the id and superego
A
GENITAL
11
Q
READ ONLY:
8 STAGES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT:
A
- Developed by Erik Erikson and extended from Freud’s works
- Erikson believed that psychosocial growth occurs in sequential phases and each stage is dependent on completion of the previous stage and life task
12
Q
What are the 8 stages of psychological development?
A
- TRUST vs. MISTRUST
- AUTONOMY vs. SHAME AND DOUBT
- INITIATIVE vs. GUILT
- INDUSTRY (competence) vs. INFERIORITY
- IDENTITY vs. ROLE CONFUSION
- INTIMACY vs. ISOLATION
- GENERATIVITY vs. STAGNATION
- EGO INTEGRITY vs. DESPAIR
13
Q
- infancy (from 1 to 1.5 years old)
- focus on the maternal and child attachment
- it is important for the infant to have a trusting, nurturing, safe, stable, and dependable relationship with mother or primary caregiver
- if a child successfully develops trust, he will feel safe and secure in the world; he develops hope
- if a caregiver fails to give adequate care and love, the child will feel that they cannot trust or depend upon the adults and develop fear about the world
A
TRUST vs. MISTRUST
14
Q
- toddler (from 2 to 3 y/o)
- focus on child developing a sense of control, free will, and independence
- FOCUS: independence
- toilet training plays an important role in helping a child develop autonomy
- if a child struggles and/or is shamed for their accidents, he may be left without a sense of personal control and develop shame and doubt
A
AUTONOMY vs. SHAME AND DOUBT
15
Q
- preschool (from 4 to 5 y/o)
- focus on child being able to plan and carry out tasks by asserting control and power over his environment
- FOCUS: sense of developing
- if a child succeeds in this stage, he will feel a sense of purpose and ability to lead others
- if a child tries to exert too much power, he will receive disapproval, resulting in feelings of guilt
A
INITIATIVE vs. GUILT
16
Q
- school age (from 6 to 11 y/o)
- focus on child developing confidence in own abilities and accomplishments
- FOCUS: confidence and pride
- child learns the concept of right from wrong
- if a child is encouraged and commended by parents, teachers, and peers, he will develop a sense of competence; if a child receives little to no encouragement from others, he will doubt his abilities and feel inferior
A
INDUSTRY (competence) vs. INFERIORITY
17
Q
- during adolescence or puberty age
- focus on individual developing a sense of self, personal identity, and belonging in his environment
- success in this stage leads to the individual staying true to himself, while failure leads to a weak sense of self and feelings of confusion and insecurity
A
IDENTITY vs. ROLE CONFUSION
18
Q
- young adulthood (from 20s to 30s)
- focus on forming intimate, loving, and meaningful relationships with other people
- success at this stage leads to strong, committed attachments; failure results in loneliness and isolation
A
INTIMACY vs. ISOLATION
19
Q
- middle adulthood (35 to 60 y/o)
- focus on being creative and productive in one’s career and family; establishing life
- FOCUS: accomplishments in
career and family - success at this stage leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, failure results in a sense of unproductiveness, stagnancy, and shallow involvement in the world
A
GENERATIVITY vs. STAGNATION
20
Q
- retirement age
- focus on reflecting back on one’s life and determining if he is happy with the life that he lived (fulfillment) or if he has any regrets (despair)
- FOCUS: wisdom and self-fulfillment
A
EGO INTEGRITY vs. DESPAIR
